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A War Catechism 



Questions and Answers 
Concerning the 

Great World War 



By W. W. EARNEST 

Superintendent of Schools 

CHAMPAIGN, ILL. 



,E "*A WAR CATECHISM 

Questions and Answers Concerning the Great World War, Its 
Causes and Progress; Our Country's Part in It; Results; 
Reconstruction — By W. W. Earnest, Superintendent op 
Schools, Champaign, Illinois. 

Price of single copy without cover, 10c; with stiff paper cover, 15c; in larger 
numbers, 8c and 10c respectively. 

Copyright, 1918, by W. W. Earnest 

Notes : The arrangement in the form of a catechism of the main facts 
necessary to an understanding of the war, was made for the use of 
teachers of all grades, and of high school and upper grade pupils. 
The compiler wishes to acknowledge indebtedness to Dr. Laurence 
M. Larson, Professor of History in the University of Illinois, for a crit- 
ical reading and suggestions which very much reduced the probability 
of material error in any statement of fact and have led to some valuable 
additions; and also to Mr. Douglas C. Ridgley, Professor of Geography 
in the Illinois State Normal University, for a similar favor in connection 
with a later edition. 

When used in classes, an attempt to have pupils commit to memory all 
answers is not recommended, but rather a free reading from beginning 
to end, with such discussions as may naturally arise, followed by a re- 
view in which the teacher may designate for memorizing such parts as 
seem to him especially valuable. 

COUNTRIES TAKING PART IN THE WAR 

When did the United States enter the greatest of all wars? 

April 6, 1917. . ; ' 

When had this war begun? 

Near the first of August, 1914. 

How many countries took part in this war? 

Twenty-nine, twenty-five on our side and four on the other. 

What were the four enemy countries? 

The United States declared war against Germany and Austria-Hun- 
gary; and Bulgaria and Turkey were helping these countries. 

What twenty-five countries were at war against the four or against some of 
the four? 
Belgium, Serbia, France, Great Britain, Montenegro, Italy, Greece, Bra- 
zil, Japan, China, Cuba, Portugal, Liberia, Panama, San Marino, Siam, 
Roumania, Russia, the United States, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Guatemala, 
Costa Rica, Honduras, Haiti. 

Which of these were defeated and made peace in 1917? 
Russia and Roumania. 

What countries lost all or nearly all of their territory but continued the 
fight? 
Belgium, Serbia and Montenegro. 

Which ones were very small in war power? 

Cuba, Liberia, Panama, San Marino, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 
Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti. 

Which others took only small part in the fighting? ';> 

Greece, Brazil, China, Siam and Japan. Portugal helped in Africa 
and in France. The United States made great preparations and 
furnished allied nations great sums of money in 1917 and in 1918, 
with great forces overseas, took an important, perhaps a decisive part 
in the fighting. : 

On which four did the burdens of the war chiefly rest? 

On Italy, France, Great Britain and the United States. 

Were any other countries not friendly toward Germany and her allies? 
Yes; four other countries ceased friendly relations, though they did 
not declare war. 



Which were these four countries? 

Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Egypt. 
What name may appropriately be given to this war? 

The War of the Nations or The Great World War. 

What parts of the world were neutral in this war; that is, did not take 
either side? 
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Spain, Mexico and 
a few other countries of small power in Asia and in Latin America. 

What good reason was there why some of these should keep out of the war? 
They are so situated that they would have been exposed to quick de- 
feat and destruction from one side or the other if they had taken 
either side. 

BEGINNING OF THE WAR 
Between what two countries did the dispute leading to this present war 
arise? 
Between Serbia and Austria. 

What was Serbia? 

A small country in southeastern Europe, subject for more than 400 

years to Turkey but independent since 1878. 
Was it always of small power? 

No; for a short time long ago it was very powerful, and it has never 

forgotten it. 

To what race do the Serbians belong? 
To the Slavic race. 

What are the four largest race divisions of the peoples of Europe? 
Graeco-Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Slavic. 

What region do the Greeks and Latins inhabit? 

The southern and southwestern parts of Europe. 

In what countries are they chiefly? 

In Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Roumania, the eastern part of Hun- 
gary, France and southern Belgium. 

What peoples are Celtic? 

The Welsh, Highland Scotch, Irish and Northwestern French. 

What countries are chiefly Germanic? 

England, Southern Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, part 
of Belgium, Germany and Austria. 

What countries are chiefly Slavic? 

Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Poland and parts of Austria-Hungary. 

What was Austria-Hungary? 

A large central European country north of Serbia. 

What was it often called? 

The dual monarchy; that is, the double monarchy. 

Why was it so called? 

Because it was made up of two separate parts, the Austrian empire and 
the kingdom of Hungary. 

Were there two governments? 

Yes; with their capitals at Vienna and Budapest. 

How were these two governments joined? 

The same man was the emperor of Austria and the king of Hun- 
gary, and Austria-Hungary acted as a unit in foreign relations. 

Of what races are the peoples of the Austrian part? 

The Germans were the most powerful race; but most of the people, 
Poles, Ruthenians, Slovenes, Dalmatians and Bohemians or Czechs, are 
Slavs; many Italians also live in Trieste, Trent and the adjoining 
regions. 

Of what races are the peoples of what was the kingdom of Hungary? 

The Croatians, the Slovaks, and some others are Slavic; the Transyl- 
vanians are Roumanians; but those who were the ruling class, the 
Magyars, or Hungarians, are descended from an Asiatic race not be- 
longing to any one of the four chief divisions named. 

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^ ©CJ.A508822 
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What languages do these people speak? 

Several different ones, — German, Magyar, Croatian, Roumanian, etc. 

What was Bosnia? 

A province next to Serbia, which Serbia had desired but Austria- 
Hungary had taken in 1908. 

Why had the Serbians thought they should have Bosnia? 
Because the Bosnians are Serbs of their own race. 

What does Pan-Slavism mean? 

The idea that all the peoples of Slavic race should be united. 

Did the Serbians want Pan-Slavism to succeed? 

Yes; it is quite certain that they desired this strongly. 

What brought on the particular quarrel between Austria and Serbia in 1914? 
The assassination on June 28 of that year of Archduke Francis Ferdi- 
nand of Austria, with his wife. 

Who was Francis Ferdinand? 

He was the heir to the throne of the dual monarchy. 

Where was he murdered? 

In the streets of Serajevo, the chief city of Bosnia, where he was visit- 
ing as a sort of compliment to the people. 

Who killed him? 

Bosnians who were Austrian subjects of Slavic race. 

What claim did Austria make? 

That a society had plotted and prepared for this crime in Serbia. 
How long was it before much was done concerning this matter? 

It was July 23 before any definite action was taken by Austria. 
What was then done? 

Austria sent Serbia ten demands, with a haughty message requiring 

an answer within forty-eight hours. 
Was Serbia given much choice as to what should be done? 

No; Austria practically gave an order as to what must be done. 
What is such a "last word" between nations called? 

An ultimatum. 
What were the chief demands of the Austrian ultimatum? 

That the plotters against Austria be found and punished and such ac- 
tivities stopped. 
What privilege in the investigation was demanded? 

That Austria be permitted to send agents into Serbia to conduct the 

investigation. 

What did Serbia do? 

She agreed to eight demands, promising to do all she could to find the 
plotters and to suppress their activities, and partially accepted another. 

Which demand did she refuse? 

To allow Austrian agents to come into Serbia to manage the investi- 
gation; though promising to inform such agents of the results. 

Why was this one demand refused? 

Serbia could not claim to be an independent government, if another 
country controlled her courts. 

What else did Serbia offer to do? 

To leave the whole matter to the Hague Peace Court. 

What is this Peace Court? 

A court which most of the countries of the world agreed to establish 
to settle disputes between or among nations willing to use it. 

Where was this court to be held? 

At the Hague, the location o f the royal residence and most of the gov- 
ernment offices of the Netherlands. 

Did Austria agree to Serbia's proposal? 

No; the Austrian minister left Serbia as soon as he read Serbia's offer. 

What did this mean? 

That Austria meant to attack Serbia. 

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Could Austria conquer Serbia? 

Yes, as easily as a large man could hurt a little child. 
What shows that Austria was looking for an excuse to quarrel? 

She had asked Italy a year before to join with her in a war on Serbia. 
A small child sometimes has friends that may be called upon. Did Serbia 

have any such? 

Yes; especially Russia, the great Slavic nation. 

What was Russia then? 

A very large and apparently powerful country occupying more than 

half of Europe and more than one-third of Asia. 
What form of government did Russia have? 

A monarchy under an emperor called the Czar. 
How many languages are spoken in that great country? 
'About one hundred, it is said. 
What are some of the different peoples of the country? 

Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Finns, Lapps, Tartars, Jews, and many 

others. 
What did Great Britain propose to Germany? 

That all the disputes of Austria and Serbia be referred to a conference 

of Italy, Prance, Germany and Great Britain. 

Did Germany favor this? 
No. 

Why was Germany asked to help? 

Because she was understood to have especial influence with Austria. 

What was Germany, or, more exactly, the German empire? 

An empire of twenty-five states, large and small, with the province of 
Alsace-Lorraine, lying north of Austria and west of Russia. 

What kind of governments did these states have? 

Four were kingdoms; six, grand duchies; five, duchies; seven, princi- 
palities; three, free cities; and Alsace-Lorraine, an imperial territory. 

Which was the great one of the German states? 

Prussia, which was considerably larger than all the others together. 

What is England? 

It is the principal part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland, northwest of the continent of Europe. 

What is the British empire? 

The United Kingdom as a center, together with many connected coun- 
tries in different parts of the world. 

What are some of the other large parts of the British empire? 
Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc. 

Have all of these dominions co-operated with Great Britain in this war? 
Yes, heartily and of their own accord. 

For Instance, who are the Anzacs? 

Soldiers of the Australian-New Zealand Army Corps. Note the initials. 
What had both Serbia and Austria begun to do before the end of July, 1914? 
To mobilize their armies. 

What does mobilization mean? 

Gathering armies together, calling men into camps, equipping them so as 

to be ready to move. 
When did Austria declare war on Serbia? 

July 28, 1914. . r 

When Austria was thus threatening to overwhelm Serbia, what did Serbia's 
great friend do? 

Russia began also to mobilize. 
What did Germany do? 

She demanded that Russia cease mobilizing within twelve hours. 
What was Germany doing at the same time? 

It is believed that she was quietly mobilizing her own armies. 



EUROPEAN ALLIANCES. 

What was the Triple Alliance? 

A league among the countries of Germany, Austria and Italy. 

What agreement had they made? 

That any one of them would help another, if attacked by an outside 
power. This alliance was made in 1882. 

Had these countries always been friendly? 

No; only about fifteen years earlier Germany had conquered Austria- 
Hungary in a war and Italy had taken large provinces from her. 

Why, then, were they leagued together? 

For fear of need of defense from other nations, especially France and 
Russia. 

What was the Dual Alliance? 

A league formed between Russia and France in 1893. 

What is France? 

A large republic lying west of Germany and Italy, across the English 

Channel, southeast of England. 
Did Russia cease mobilizing on Germany's demand? 

' No; both Russia and France continued to mobilize their armies. 
Did England have an alliance like those of the countries named in the 
Triple and the Dual Alliances? 

No, not a close alliance of the same kind; though she had a quite 

friendly understanding with France in 1904 and with Russia in 1907 

known then as the Triple Entente. 
Why did she not seek such a close alliance? 

She was not in so much fear of her neighbors. 

MILITARY PREPARATIONS. 
Which of the two great nations were the least friendly? 
Germany and France. 

Why? 

Chiefly because Germany had defeated France in a war in 1871. 
What did Germany do to France then? 

She took from France valuable land and much money. 

What land? 

The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine lying west" of the Rhine. These 
were held subject to the new German Empire then formed but not 
made a member of the federation. 

How much money? 

Over a billion dollars, then considered a very great sum. 

What had been expected ever since? 

That France would some day seek revenge and the recovery of her 

provinces. 
What had Germany done ever since? 

She had kept up a very large army. 
How greatly was the army esteemed? 

Some one said long ago that other countries possessed armies, but that 

in Prussia the army possessed the country. 

Who chiefly built up this army? 

The Hohenzollern princes, electors of Brandenburg, then kings of Prus- 
sia, and finally emperors of the new German empire, who taught their 
sons and people to put their chief confidence in the army. 

How was this army made ready? 

By training in arms all young men for from one to three years. 

What did this compel other countries to do? 

To keep up very large armies also. 
Which countries especially kept large armies? 

France, Russia, Austria and Italy. 
How was Germany's army regarded? 

As the best and strongest of all. 



How great were these armies of Europe? 

Russia had about six million trained men; Austria-Hungary, Germany, 

and France a little more or less than four millions each; while Great 

Britain had less than one million, and the United States 212,000. 
How were these armies equipped? 

With great stores of guns, ammunition, clothing, food, tents, wagons, 

trucks, everything with which to live and fight. 
What other provisions for war were made? 

Many army camps were built, very strong forts were placed along the 

boundaries and great navies were constructed. 
Was this military establishment expensive? 

Very expensive. All of these things had to be paid for, they were used 

up without bringing anything in return, and the soldiers were not 

producing anything on farms, in factories, etc., as they might have 

done. 
What are some examples of this expense? 

The largest guns cost more than $100,000 each, a dreadnaught costs 

$15,000,000. It costs $1000 to fire a large gun once. 

What were the Krupp works? 

The greatest factories in the world for the manufacture of guns and other 
munitions of war, situated at Essen in Germany. 
Is war itself still more expensive than the preparation? 
Yes; almost beyond comparison. 

What national debt did the United States owe before entering this war? 
About one billion dollars. 

What, in billions of dollars, were the national debts of some nations in 
July, 1918? 

Great Britain, 28; Germany, 26; France, 22 ; Austria-Hungary, 19; the 
United States, 12; Italy, 7. 

In simplest terms, what is the business of war? 

To kill and frighten the enemy until the survivors are willing to sub- 
mit to the demands of the conqueror. 

GERMAN VIEW OF WAR AND RIGHTS OF OTHERS. 
What was the German view of war? 

One of their writers said, "War is a holy thing, the holiest thing on 
earth. War is the noblest and holiest expression of human activity." 
Why, as they said, were Germany and the other great countries keeping 
these great armies? 
They said it was their purpose to keep the peace by making others 
hesitate to attack them. 

If all the men in your neighborhood carried loaded revolvers and rifles 
every day would that be the best way to keep the peace? 

Every one can see that it would not be. 
Was it different with the nations of Europe? 

No; their great preparation only made the great war more terrible. 

Peace can not be kept by general preparation to fight. 
Was there a better way to keep the peace? 

Yes ; it could have been done by all agreeing not to arm. 
How then could disputes be settled? 

By referring them to a court like that of the Hague to decide what is 

right. 
Why had not all countries agreed to do something of this kind? 

Because, it seems, some of them had determined to have their own 

way, whether others thought it right or not. 
Which country seems to have been most determined to have its own way? 

Germany. 

Had Germans ever said so? 

Yes; many of their writers had said that a growing aspiring nation 
could not afford to be hampered by arbitration agreements. 



What made war attractive to Germany in 1914? 

The prospect of relief from the expenses of their armaments by putting 
them on conquered nations, as in 1871. 

Did they not think weaker countries had the same right as themselves? 

No; they thought that Germans were the wisest people on earth and that 
it would be a good thing for most other peoples to have Germans rule 
them. 

What reasons for such an opinion did they give? 

They said that Germans had done more than any other people in 
science, in art, in music, in literature, in fine business management of 
every kind and so were the only people who knew enough to manage 
other peoples. 

What did they consider the business of the Germans to be in the world? 
William I said, "God has caWed us to civilize the world; we are the 
missionaries of human progress." 

What was taught in the German schools as to this? 

A prominent educator said in a speech, "The whole history of the 
world is neither more nor less than a preparation for the time when 
it shall please God to allow the affairs' of the universe to be in German 
hands." 

BRITISH AND AMERICAN PREPARATION. 

Which great country did not have a great army? 

England had a very small army compared with those of other coun- 
tries. 

Why did she not have as great an army as other nations had? 

Largely because she relied on water for protection, being situated on 
an island. 

What did she have to add to this protection? 

Twice as large a navy as any other country in the world. 

What other European countries had navies of considerable size? 
Germany, France, Russia, Austria, Italy. 

Did England train all her young men to be soldiers? 

No; she had a good many soldiers scattered through the world, but 
depended on volunteers for this army. 

Which other great country followed a similar plan? 

The United States; as we had a very small army and a navy of con- 
siderable size, the third in the world. 

Why did we feel safe? 

We were protected by much more water than England. 

Shall we have to maintain a large and well-trained army after this war? 
Yes, if any other nation on earth be allowed to do so. 

BELGIUM'S NEUTRALITY. 
When it became plain that war would break out between Germany and 
France, what question did England ask both? 

Whether they would now respect the neutrality of Belgium. 
What was Belgium? 

A small but very industrious and wealthy country northeast of France 

and west of Germany. 
What is meant by saying that Belgium had been neutralized? 

That the great countries about it had agreed with Belgium and with 

one another to keep Belgium out of war. 

In what ways? 

They agreed that Belgium should not go to war, should not be at- 
tacked or invaded by any of them and should be defended by them if 
attacked by others. 

What countries had made such an agreement concerning Belgium? 
Prussia, France, England, Austria and Russia, in 1839. 

How was this agreement concluded? 

By a formal and solemn treaty signed by the representatives of all the 
countries. 



Was the new German empire bound by the treaty made by Prussia before 
1871? 

Yes; this empire had repeatedly acknowledged its obligation to such 

international agreements of the kingdom of Prussia. 
What were the replies to England's questions? 

France said she would respect the neutrality of Belgium, Germany 

would not say what she would do. 

SPREAD OF THE WAR. 
What did Germany do August 1, four days after Austria began war on 
Serbia? 
She declared war on Russia. 
What did Germany demand of Belgium August 2? 

That Belgium allow German armies to cross Belgium into Prance. 
What did she promise Belgium? 

To pay for all supplies needed and make good any damage done. 

What did Belgium reply? 

That she wished to remain neutral, was under treaty obligation to do 

so and could not allow Germany's request. 
What did Germany do August 3? 

She declared war on France, falsely claiming that it was in self-de- 
fense. 
Was this common Prussian policy? 

Yes; for instance, Bismarck brought on the war in 1870 by a forged 

paper. 
Who testified that Germany really wanted to bring on war in 1914? 

Prince Lichnowsky, German ambassador in Great Britain. 

What happened to Prince Lichnowsky? 

He was expelled from the upper house of the Prussian parliament. 

Who else gave similar testimony? 

A former director of the Krupp works, after his retirement into Switz- 
erland. 

What did Germany do August 4? 

She sent troops across the Belgian frontier and declared war on Bel- 
gium and also sent troops through Luxemburg another small country 
that did not risk resistance. 

What proved that the German government was not proud of this dishon- 
orable action? 
Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg in a speech to the German parliament 
the same day acknowledged it as a wrong and promised to make 
amends to Belgium later. 

GREAT BRITAIN'S ENTRANCE. 

What did England do the same day? 

She declared war on Germany in defense of the neutrality of Belgium. 

How had Germany tried to get Great Britain to stay out of the war? 

By promising not to take any part of France at the end of the war and 
to restore Belgium, though refusing to promise not to take French 
colonies. 

What did the German Chancellor say to the English representative on learn- 
ing that Great Britain would fight for Belgium's neutrality? 
He was surprised that the English should think "a mere scrap of paper" 
so important. 

What did he mean by the "mere scrap of paper"? 
The treaty signed by his nation and others. 

Did not the German government feel obliged to observe its own treaty? 
German writers recognized as authority had already said a country 
could not be bound by its promises in a treaty when it was to its in- 
terest to break them. 

What did Germany have to be taught in this war? 

That it does not pay a nation to break its promises. 



What two disappointments did Germany thus suffer at the very beginning? 
She was surprised that Belgium should dare to refuse passage and 
that England would fight to keep her promises. 

Why did she suppose England would not dare go to war? 

She thought England would fear revolts in India, South Africa, Ire- 
land, etc. 

How had the Kaiser tried to assist in bringing on such troubles? 

He had promised to guarantee the independence of South Africa, if 
that country would revolt. 

What shows that the German government had never intended to keep its 
pledge as to Belgian neutrality? 
The writings of Germans and the fact that a complete system of rail- 
roads, prepared to transport troops rapidly, led to the Belgian boun- 
dary, roads not really needed for other purposes. 

Why did Germany want to go across Belgium? 
Because it seemed to be the easy way to go. 

Why did she not go right across her own boundary into France? 

Because the country is rough and had been very strongly fortified by 
France. 

Why had France no strong forts on the Belgian boundary? 

Because, apparently, she had trusted the German promises in the treaty 
neutralizing Belgium. 

Why did Germany wish to attack France first? 

Because she expected Russia to be slow in mobilizing and hoped to 
defeat France before Russia was ready to fight. 

How long did Germany expect it to take to conquer France? 

The Kaiser expected to take his 1914 Christmas dinner in Paris. 

Did he have his Christmas dinner there? 

No; he missed four chances and then gave up the idea. 

THE FIRST GREAT GERMAN ADVANCE. 

What first checked German progress? 

The Belgians held them about two weeks before and around the strong 
fortress of Liege (Lee-azh) ; Brussels was not a fortified city and sur- 
rendered without a fight; other battles took place at Namur and Mons, 
delaying the Germans until August 26. 

For what did this delay give time? 

For the French armies to gather and for the English to land troops in 
France. 

What was the further effect? 
To save Paris. 

How far did Germany advance? 

The German forces swept over a large part of northern France, push- 
ing back the French and English armies. 

Did Paris come into great danger? 

Within the sound of artillery of German forces touching the outer 

defensive works. 
To what extent was fear of German success shown in Paris? 

The government offices and a large part of the population left the city. 
What unconfirmed report, which may be true, illustrates the greatness of 
the danger? 

That the German armies might have broken through to Paris one day 

had the Kaiser not ordered a halt until the Crown Prince could come 

up and have the honor of entering Paris first. 
Could the French alone have saved it? 

It seems quite certain that they could not have done so without the help 

of the English. 
What then happened? 

By a series of most bitter fights, known as the battle of the Marne, 

Sept. 6 to 10, 1914, the Germans were driven back to the Aisne river, 

where both sides were brought to a stop. 

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What did the Germans still hold? 

The greater part of Belgium and a considerable part of northern 
France. 

What especial advantages did the possession of this territory gve them? 
They held very valuable iron and coal mines, factories and ports. 

Which great Belgian seaport surrendered October 8? 

Antwerp, it being proved that the strongest forts are useless against 
the newer type of siege guns, such as the Germans used. 
A NEW SORT OF WARFARE. 

What kind of fighting continued about three and one-half years on the 300- 
mile line from the North sea to the Swiss border? 
Trench warfare, with the use of barbed wire entanglements, bloody at- 
tacks and repulses with little movement of armies either way, great 
artillery duels, curtain or barrage fire, great armored tractor engines 
called tanks, poisonous gas, liquid fire, airplanes, etc., with greater 
numbers of men engaged, greater losses and greater expense than the 
world had ever known. 

What is camouflage? 

The art of concealment of objects from the view of the enemy or mak- 
ing them appear something else than what they are. 

What of poisonous gas and liquid fire? 

These had been considered inhumane; but they were introduced by 
the Germans and afterward used on both sides. 

What especial conflicts took place here in 1914? 

A series of fights near the border of Prance and Belgium, known as 
the battles of the Yser and of Ypres, checking German attempts to 
take the ports on the English Channel 

What agreement did Great Britain, France and Russia make about a month 
after the war began? 
That no one of them would make a separate peace with Germany or 
Austria. 

BELGIUM'S MISERY. 

What was the fate of the Belgian and French people of the occupied 
territory? 

They were robbed, ruined, starved, often barbarously mistreated, 
reduced to slavery, executed without trial or reason, all because they 
dared defend their rights. 

How were they robbed? 

Private houses were looted by German soldiers and officers; their pro- 
visions, animals and machinery taken from them and each city or dis- 
trict compelled to furnish great sums of money. 

How were they ruined? 

Many cities were burned wantonly or destroyed by bombard- 
ment, including churches, schools, all sorts of public and private build- 
ings, even farm lands being often ruined. Records were kept of the 
destruction of 43,000 estates in Belgium. 

To what extent were they starved? 

Never did they have sufficient food. The U. S. alone contributed to 
the Commission for Relief in Belgium $12,500,000 per month. 

How were they barbarously treated? 

Especially in the early days of the war, thousands of innocent men, 
women and children were insulted and mistreated beyond the power 
of expression by brutal soldiers and insolent officers. 

How were they reduced to slavery? 

On various excuses from 100,000 to 300,000 were torn from their homes 
and deported into Germany to work for their conquerors. 

What did Brand Whitlock, our minister to Belgium during this time, say of 
this action? 
"A deed so cruel that German soldiers are said to have wept in its 
execution and so monstrous that even German officers are now said 
to be ashamed." 

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How were the innocent executed? 

There were many cases in which citizens were shot down or executed 
by orders, on the mere accusation that some one of the same town 
had shot at German soldiers. 

How long did Belgium and Northern France suffer? 

After four years of this awful subjection to tyranny had passed the 
Germans still held this country. 

Who is Cardinal Mercier? 

The Archbishop of Malines in Belgium, who sent to all priests and 
congregations under his charge ai Christmas in 1914 a letter telling 
the truth about this tyranny, yet advising them to wait patiently for the 
end. 

Was he punished for this action? 

No; not even the German governors and officers seemed to dare to 
punish directly this heroic and good man for telling the truth. 

Who was Miss Edith Cavell? 

An English nurse executed by the Germans in Belgium for assisting 
wounded English and Belgian young men to escape to Holland. 

OTHER EVENTS OF 1914. 
What happened along the German-Russian front in 1914? 

The Russians invaded East Prussia but were defeated severely and 

driven out. 
What happened on the Austro-Russian front? 

The Russians took nearly all of the province of Galicia from August to 

March of the next year. 
What became of St. Petersburg? 

Because the name was German, the Russian government changed it to 

Petrograd, which is Slavic. 
Did a rebellion occur in South Africa? 

Yes; but it did not last long, the great majority of the people proving 

loyal to the British empire. 
What did Japan do in the cause of the Allies? 

In November she took Tsingtau on Kiaochow bay in China, which 

Germany had seized in 1897. 
What happened in Egypt? 

The country was taken fully under British protection, the Khedive re- 
moved and a Sultan appointed. 

TURKEY'S ENTRANCE. 
What other country had come to the aid of Germany and Austria in 1914? 

Turkey, in November of 1914. 
What is Turkey? 

A Mohammedan power which has had its capital at Constantinople 

since 1453. 
How far did the Turks carry their conquests into Europe? 

They once besieged "Vienna. 
What are states that Turkey once held but has since lost? 

Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Albania, Roumania, 

Egypt, etc. 
Why is Constantinople of great importance? 

It controls the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, the only straits giving 

passage from the Black sea to the Mediterranean. 
What was the effect on Russia of having these straits held by the Turks? 

It prevented its shipping grain and other products except with the 

consent of Turkey. 
Were other nations hindered in their shipping in the same way? 

Yes, the straits were not free to any of them. 
Why had not all the nations of Europe long ago compelled Turkey to open 
these straits to all? 

Largely because of jealousy of one another, — fear that others might 

secure greater advantages. 

11 



What was probably the chief reason for the entrance of Turkey into the 
war? 
Fear of being driven out of Constantinople and Europe, especially by 
Russia. 

What countries not inhabited chiefly by Turks did Turkey still hold? 
Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Armenia. 

Who were the real rulers of Turkey? 

Not the nominal sovereign, the Sultan, but Enver Pasha and Talaat 
Bey, leaders of the "Young Turk" party, which controlled the govern- 
ment. These resigned their offices early in October, 1918. 
THE MOSLEM HOLY WAR. 

What chief advantage did Germany hope from the alliance with Turkey? 
The bringing on of a Moslem "Holy War" a general uprising of all 
Mohammedans to slaughter Christians. 

How did they expect this to help? 

By bringing on rebellions against Great Britain, France and Russia by 
more than a hundred million Mohammedans in India, Egypt, the Sudan, 
Tripoli, Algeria, South Russia, etc. 

How do we know Germany hoped for this? 

Count Wangenheim, German ambassador to Turkey, told it to Henry 
Morgenthau, American ambassador, before our entrance into the war 
was expected. 

Was a "Holy War" ordered? 

Yes; shortly after Turkey entered the war, by authority of the Sultan 
as Caliph or successor of Mohammed. 

Who was Mohammed? 

He was an Arab who, claiming authority as a prophet, founded at Mecca 
and Medina in Arabia about 600 A. D., a new religion which is now fol- 
lowed by many millions from Central Africa to the Philippine Islands. 

What was the first great Mohammedan capital? 

Bagdad on the Tigris, whence the rule of the Arabic Caliphs extended 
over a wide empire. 

Who were the Turks in early times? 

A Mongolian race from Central Asia who gradually overran western 
Asia, became Mohammedans, took Bagdad and assumed the authority 
of the Caliphs over all Mohammedans. 

Did the "Holy War" scheme succeed? 

No; the Mohammedan peoples were better satisfied with their present 
governments than they would be with that of the Turks. 

What peculiar and inconsistent exception was made in the proclamation 
ordering the slaying of all Christians? 
"Excepting those with whom Turkey has a covenant;" that is, Ger- 
many and Austria. 

THE ENTRANCE OF ITALY, 1915. 

What country came into the war a little later with the Allies? 

Italy declared war on Austria in May, on Turkey in August of 1915 
and afterward on Germany in August of 1916. 

How recently had Italy been at war with Turkey before? 

In 1911-12, when Italy took the control of Tripoli from Turkey. 

What is Italy? 

A great country in the south of Europe, occupying the central peninsula 
and reaching to the high Alps mountains. 

Is it an old or a young country in civilization? 
Next to Greece, it is the oldest in Europe. 

For what is it especially famous? 

Its capital, Rome, was the center of the great Roman empire which 
ruled the world for hundreds of years. 

Was not Italy one of the Triple Alliance? 
Yes. 

Why, then, did Italy not join with Germany and Austria in the war? 

Because they had not been attacked but had attacked other countries. 

12 



What did Italy have against Austria? 

Some districts and cities in Austria are inhabited by Italians chiefly 

and Italy claimed they should belong to the kingdom of Italy. 
By what name did the Italians call these regions? 

Italia Irredenta; that is, Unredeemed Italy, — territory not included 

when the new kingdom of Italy was formed in 1870. 
Was there any other cause for attacking Austria? 

Yes; a fear that Austria was planning to control the Adriatic Sea to 

the disadvantage of Italy. 

OTHER EVENTS OF 1915. 

What happened on the German-Russian front in 1915? 

The Russians again invaded East Prussia, but were driven out and the 
Germans took Warsaw and all of Russian Poland. 

What happened on the Austro-Russian front? 

The Russians advanced through the Carpathian mountains and threat- 
ened the Hungarian plains but were forced back until the Austrians and 
Germans regained all Galicia. 

What was the chief cause of the Russian failures this year? 
Lack of ammunition and other supplies. 

What great failure came to the English and French in 1915? 

A disastrous attempt to take the Dardanelles and capture Constanti- 
nople. 

What did they lose on the sea here? 
Several of the greatest battleships. 

What on land? 

On the Gallipoli peninsula, after fighting all summer and fall, many 
thousands of men were lost and the attempt abandoned altogether. 

When did the fourth country join with the Central Powers? 
Bulgaria in October of 1915 declared war against Serbia. 

What is Bulgaria? 

A country partly of Slavic race between Serbia and Turkey. 

How did it happen to come to this side? 

Just a few years before in 1912-13, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece had 
joined in a war against Turkey rather successfully; but this had been 
followed by a quarrel and a still more bitter war against Bulgaria by 
Serbia and Greece, assisted at the last by Roumania, in which Bulgaria 
was defeated. 

What happened to Serbia? 

After defending itself well over a year, it was completely conquered 
by German, Bulgarian and Austrian armies in October and November, 
1915. 

What great advantage did the conquest of Serbia open up to Germany? 
The roads through Bulgaria and Turkey to Constantinople and Bagdad. 

What old plan of Germany did this promote? 

The scheme of controlling the Balkan states and all the country ex- 
tending to the Persian gulf, with a railroad from Berlin to Bagdad, or 
beyond. Bulgaria surrendered unconditionally to Entente troops at 
the end of September 1918. 

Why was this railroad connection desired? 

In order to compete with England for influence and trade in Asia. 

What attempt did the Turks make toward Egypt early in 1915? 
To attack the Suez canal; but they were easily repulsed. 

Where did Germany lose in 1915? 

She lost colonies in Africa and elsewhere, finally losing every one. 

Were Germany's colonies very valuable? 

They were very large but, as she had begun late to acquire colonies, 
they were in hot countries only, where Europeans can not live long 
and work. 

Where would she probably have liked to possess colonies? 
In any part of the temperate zones. 

13 



What relation had the United States to the war in 1915? 

Neutrality, disturbed by grievances against Germany concerning viola- 
tions of American right by submarines, afterward discussed. 

EVENTS OF 1916. 
What was the greatest of all struggles of 1916 and of all history up to that 
time. 

The unsuccessful attempt of the Germans under the imperial crown 
prince, the Kaiser's eldest son and heir, to take the fortress of Ver- 
dun. 

How long did this continue? 

About five months, February to July. 

What then happened? 

The loss of German life having become so great that German soldiers 
called this region "the grave," the attacks ceased and the French re- 
won most of the positions taken earlier. 

What other great series of fights took place on the western front? 

Through July to November in the northern part of France the Battle 
of the Somme continued in which the Allies attacked strongly but did 
not break the German line. 

What countries entered the war this year? 

Portugal, as an ally of Great Britain, and Roumania. 

What is Portugal? 

A small republic occupying the part of the Iberian peninsula not be- 
longing to Spain, with a somewhat different language and somo im- 
portant colonies. 

What is Roumania? 

A country east of Hungary, north of Bulgaria and southwest of Russia. 

To which race division do the Roumanians belong? 

Perhaps their blood is mostly Slavic but their language was derived 
from the ancient Romans and they are counted with the Latins. 

To what country had Roumania long been especially friendly? 
To Italy; also to Russia. 

What did Roumania hope to get? 

Territory in Hungary, known as Transylvania, inhabited chiefly by people 
of the Roumanian race. 

What did she fear? 

That she might be treated as Serbia had been, if the Central Powers 
won. 

What encouraged her to go in? 

The success of the campaign Russia was fighting and the failure of 
the Germans at Verdun. 

What was the result? 

She was at first successful but afterward was disastrously defeated 
and lost most of her territory. 

What did Germany secure in Roumania? 
Valuable oil wells and wheat fields. 

What did the British do thi9 year? 

They held a part of the western front; adopted conscription in Great 
Britain; won the one great naval battle of the war off Jutland; put 
down an insurrection in Ireland; and suffered a severe loss in Mesopo- 
tamia, where Gen. Townshend had to surrender his whole army at 
Kut-el-Amara, below Bagdad. 

What happened on the Italian front? 

The Austrian forces first advanced and then were repulsed until the 

Italians advanced over the mountains and threatened Trieste, the chief 

seaport of Austria. 
What did Russia do? 

Russia made a surprising attack and won back in a few weeks twice 

as much land as Germany held in France. 

14 






What vyas the attitude of the United States? 

Gradually the situation caused by the submarine warfare of Germany 

was becoming more tense, the feeling of the country toward Germany 

more hostile. 
Near the end of the year what offer did Germany make? 

An offer to discuss peace; but no terms were given and the Allies did 

not consider it seriously. 
What general principles of any peace that the United States could approve 
did President Wilson soon after state to the Senate? 

1. Recognition of equal rights of all nations. 

2. Recognition of the principle that all governments derive their jusf 

powers from the consent of the governed. 

3. Complete freedom of the seas. 

4. Restriction of armaments on land and sea. 

. 5. Establishment of a world league to enforce peace. 
EVENTS OF 1917. 
What was the great event in Russia in 1917? 

March 15, 1917, Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate the throne. 
Why was he dethroned? 

Because, it was alleged, he had allowed the power to get into the 
hands of pro-German traitors. 

For what disaster were these German agents or sympathizers responsible? 

For the defeat of Roumania, by keeping guns and ammunition from 

its forces; also, for lack of supplies to Russia's own armies. 
What kind of government was attempted? 

A republic, in which Kerensky very soon became the chief leader, as 

premier. 
What part did this government take in the war? 

A strong attack was made in Galicia and many prisoners were taken, 

followed by defeat and retreat. 
What happened later? 

The government of Kerensky was overthrown by the party known as 

the Bolsheviki. 

Who are the Bolsheviki? 

Leaders who claim to represent the workmen, peasants and soldiers 
and demand that all property and power be placed in the hands of 
the common people. 

What does the name mean? 

It is variously said to mean, "belonging to the majority" or "those who 

want more." 
Where were peace negotiations begun? 

At Brest-Litovsk in Russia. 

What other monarch than Czar Nicholas lost his throne in 1917? 
George, the King of Greece. 

What is Greece? 

A peninsula in the southeast of Europe, the oldest civilized part. 
What part had Greece taken in the war? 

For a long while she remained neutral but she now joined the enemies 
of Germany. 

What personal influence had helped to keep Greece favorable to Germany? 

The queen of Greece, King George's wife, was a sister of the German 

Kaiser. 
To whom did George leave the throne? 

To his son Alexander, who was favorable to the Entente. 
What had probably been the real sentiment of the Greek people? 

They seem to have favored the Entente. 
Who was their chief leader? 

Venizelos, prime minister most of the time since 1909, successful in 

the Balkan wars, etc. 
How had the country been controlled for some time? 

It had been guarded by British and French forces. 

15 



Where in Greece was a large force long stationed? 

At Saloniki, whence a line stretched west to the Adriatic sea in Albania, 
from which it advanced to the conquest of Bulgaria in 1918. 

What happened in Mesopotamia in 1917? 

A new English army under Gen. Maude pressed on and captured Bag- 
dad. 

What happened at the east end of the Mediterranean? 

The Englsh took half of Palestine, having forced the Turks all the way- 
back from Suez and built a railroad all the way from Cairo to Jerusalem. 

What pleasing success occurred just before Christmas in 1917? 

The English took Jerusalem and Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus. 
Gen. Allenby progressed farther and won a great victory over the 
Turks, led by Germans, near the end of September, 1918, soon after 
taking Damascus, the oldest city in the world, and Beirut. 

How long has this Holy Land of both Jews and Christians been in the 
hands of the Mohammedans? 
Nearly thirteen hundred years, except about one hundred years when 
there was a Christian kingdom of Jerusalem. 

Who were the Christians who held it? 

Crusaders, who took up the fight against the Turks about eight hun- 
dred years ago. 

What was done on the Italian front? 

After a successful summer campaign in which the Italians captured new 
positions, the Austrians, freed from fear of Russia, made a strong at- 
tack and drove the Italians back into their own country, to the Piave 
and Brenta rivers, where they held their ground in December. 

What progress was made on the western front? 

In March, the Germans retired from Arras to Soissons, to the so- 
called "Hindenburg line," giving up about 1,300 square miles of ter- 
ritory. 

What did they do to this territory? 

They utterly destroyed everything in it, buildings, trees, wells, crops. 

Where else did the fighting favor the Allies? 

The British gained at Arras, Vimy Ridge, Messines Ridge, in Flanders, 
and especially at Cambrai; while the French gained along the Aisne, 
near Verdun and at Chemin des Dames ridge. 

What was perhaps the greatest event of the year 1917? 

The entrance of the United States into the war, for reasons told later, 
and its great preparations for active warfare and assistance to the 
Allies. 

What other large country joined the Allies in this year? 

Brazil, a country nearly as large as the United States but with only 
one-fourth the population and largely in the torrid zone. A large colony 
of Germans exists in the southern part. 

What other nations also joined the Allies. 
Cuba, Panama, Siam, Liberia and China. 

EVENTS OF 1918. 
How did the new Russian government disappoint the Allies? 

By making peace contrary to the agreement not to make peace sepa- 
rately. 
What had already existed several weeks? 

An armistice, an agreement that neither side would fight nor take an 

advantage while peace was being considered. 
What use did Germany make of this truce as well as of the peace following? 

She brought great numbers of troops from the Russian to the western 

front. 
What did the Russian government attempt when not satisfied with German 
offers? 

Merely to quit the war without making a treaty of peace. 
What was it afterward forced to do? 

To agree to all of Germany's demands and sign the treaty of Brest- 

Litovsk. 
What was done with the Russian territory and people in this year? 

Poland, Lithuania, Courland, Livonia, Esthonia, Finland, Ukrania were 

16 






under governments of some sort, separate from that of the Bolsheviki. 
All were largely under German control. The Murman coast on the Arctic 
was held by Allied troops to protect valuable supplies landed there at 
ice-free ports. Czecho-Slovak prisoners from the Austro-Hungarian 
army held parts of Siberia, and Japan and the United States had 
agreed to intervene to protect supplies at Vladivostok and elsewhere 
near the Pacific. 

Who are the Czecho-Slovaks? 

Those of whom we heard in the summer of 1918 were Bohemians taken 
prisoner by Russia during the war who, after the Russian revolution, 
started for the Pacific across Russia and Siberia desiring to fight 
Austria. Our government has recognized them as belligerents. 

What other country was likewise forced to make peace as dictated by Ger- 
many? 
Roumania. 

Did the Central Powers gain supplies from Ukrania and Rouman'a? 

Yes; but probably much less than was hoped; because disorganized 
conditions had resulted in greatly diminished products scarcely suf- 
ficient for home use and transportation was also difficult. 

What happened early on the western front? 

After long preparation, the Germans began a very great battle March 
21, made four attacks, one after the other, won considerable territory, 
suffered terrible losses, fought six weeks and failed to break the Eng- 
lish and French lines or to reach the sea. 

What important improvement in military administration was announced 
during this German drive? 
General Foch, already commander of the French armies, was made 
generalissimo, commander of all the forces of all the Allies. 

What was done in Italy? 

In June the Austrian army made a great attack, successful at first 
but quickly turned into a complete failure with great losses. 

What happened later in the summer? 

A fifth German offensive was begun July 15, in which the Marne was 
crossed; but in three days the French, with strong American assistance, 
checked the German forces, and drove them back. The British took up 
the fight and by October 1, nearly all of the territory lost since March 
21 was regained and more was taken. October 12 nearly all German 
armies were in retreat. By October 24, Lille and a large part of western 
Belgium had been recovered. By Nov. 11, the war was won. 

When did the Central Powers cease fighting? 

Bulgaria Sept. 30; Turkey, Oct. 31; Austria, Nov. 3; Germany, Nov. 11. 

On what terms were armistices granted? 

Practically complete surrender, all means of continuing war being 
taken away in each case? 

USE OF AIRSHIPS IN THIS WAR. 

What two main types of airships have been used in this war? 
Dirigible gas balloons and airplanes. 

What is a Zeppelin? 

A gas balloon with a long body and a steering apparatus carrying a 
large car, with a considerable load. 

What are airplanes? 

Machines heavier than air which sail like birds when driven by engines 
against the air. 

What are the two main uses of air-ships in war? 
Observation and bombing. 

How are they used for observation? 

They are sent up to see what is behind the flines of the enemy, to 
take photographs, make maps, etc. 

Why do commanders want this information? 

To guide them in directing the fire of artillery and in placing their 
forces against the enemy. 

What if one side could have all the observers and keep the other side from 1 
sending them up? 
The other side would be "blind." The one having the observers could 
move without being seen. 

17 



Do the aviators have to come down to tell what they have seen? 

No; they send news to the ground by wireless telegraphy. 

How did we prepare young men for this work? 

By teaching them in special classes in our schools before they went to 
war to send and receive messages in wireless telegraphy. 

What is the second chief use of air-ships? 

Bombing or otherwise doing injury by dropping missiles. 

What are the usual and lawful objectives? 

Fortifications, docks, ships, railroads, war buildings, factories, piles of 
ammunition, supplies or enemy forces. 

What unlawful uses of bombs did the Germans make? 

They dropped them at times on hospitals, hospital ships, and other 
non-military objects. 

How did Germany use air-ships against England? 

By sending them across the English channel at night to drop bombs on 
London and other places. 

Did they thus do much damage? 

In 34 raids, Jan., 1915 to Oct., 1917, they killed 865 men, women and 
children and wounded 2,500; but little military effect was produced. 

What was probably the chief purpose of these raids? 

To frighten the English population with the danger of instant death, 
and to let them know their island did not make them safe from German 
wrath. 

What effect was really produced? 

These raids doubtless served only to enrage the English and strengthen 
greatly their determination to fight. 

How is defense made against airship attacks? 

By other airships which rise to fight them and by high range guns 
operated from the ground, with the assistance of searchlights at night. 

How do aviators fight? 

By attacking one another singly or in squadrons with machine guns 
mounted in their planes, with bombs or fire, the loser falling or being 
forced to the ground. 

To what may the fighting of squadrons of airplanes be compared? 

To a game of football in the sky, each side having as its goal passage 
over the enemy's country to observe, photograph, bomb and having 
to break the opposing line to gain this goal. 

When is an aviator called an "Ace"? 

When he has brought down five or more enemy machines. 

What did the United States do in the air service? 

We established a number of great flying schools, or training fields, sup- 
plied enough training machines and sent a large number of aviators 
abroad. 

Was our air program successful? 

Slowness in producing airplanes caused much criticism. An investiga- 
tion directed by Mr. Charles Hughes reported that the early manage- 
ment deserved much of this; but by July 24, 1918 so much had been done 
that General Brancker of the British air ministry complimented us 
for having created so efficient an air service so rapidly. 

What especial contribution did we make? 

A new engine for planes called the Liberty Motor, believed to be the 
best, produced by the combined work of many American engineers. 

THE PART OF THE SUBMARINE IN THE WAR. 
What is a submarine? 

A boat which may travel on the surface of the water or be sunk entirely 

below the surface. 
How may it be propelled while traveling on the surface of the sea? 

By engines of any kind. 
How must it be propelled when submerged? 

By electric motors, which make no smoke. 
How do officers of submarines see what is on the surface? 

By means of a periscope, a tube reaching above the surface and fitted 

18 



with a system of mirrors to show the surface of the sea to the observer 
below. 

Which side is most likely to make much use of submarines? 
The one that has not control of the surface of tbe sea. 

Why? 

The submarine may easily find ships on the surface but it is hard to 
find the submarine. 

Which side therefore depended greatly on them in this war? 
Germany. 

Which nation suffered most from them? 

England; because she has the greatest amount of shipping to be at- 
tacks J . : .^.:.- ^*.i 

Why has England so many ships? 

Because she has the greatest manufacturing industry and the great- 
est trade of the world. 
What is a large part of her trade? 

The shipping in of raw materials and food, as she produces far less 

than she needs. 
What d'd Germany hope to accomplish by sinking English and neutral ships? 

To force England to give up by making food and other supplies scarce. 
How many English ships were sunk in about one year? 

In 57 weeks the loss of 1419 was reported. 
How great were the losses up to September, 1918? 

It is estimated that shipping having a carrying capacity of 8,000,000 

tons had been destroyed. 

Can ships and cargoes, sunk in the ocean ever be recovered? 
Never, unless they are sunk in shaflow water. 

Why not? 

Divers can not go down and do effective work farther than 100 to 150 
feet below the surface, on account of the great pressure of the water. 

Can submarines go down to the bottom of the ocean to rest? 
Not safely, except in shallow waters. 

How are ships sunk? 

Either by floating mines containing great charges of explosives that 
are discharged when struck, or by means of torpedoes. 

What is a torpedo? 

A large cigar-shaped instrument carrying a large charge of explosives 
driven through the water by compressed air and exploding on strik- 
ing the vessel at which it is fired. 

Why was England not willing to give up after losing so many ships? 

She claimed that we were sinking submarines faster than Germany 
built them and building ships faster than Germany sank them. 

What was our gain said to be in the summer of 1918? 
About 100,000 tons of shipping per month. 

What was already promising to make the gain much greater still? 

The fact that the United States and Great Britain were building a very 
great number of new ships. 

Why could the Allies not use submarines so well against Germany? 

Because Germany had no ships on the surface of the seas to be sunk. 
NAVIES IN THE WAR. 
What prevented Germany from sending out ships? 

England's powerful navy. 
Why did Germany not use its own warships against England? 

Because she did not have enough of them to meet the English fleets. 
How did the navies of the world rank at the beginning of this war? 

Great Britain, Germany, United States, France, Japan, Italy, Russia, 

Austria-Hungary. 
What are different types of war vessels named? 

A battleship is a heavily armed and armored vessel; a dreadnaught is 

19 



a battleship of the heaviest class; a cruiser is a somewhat lighter and 

swifter ship; a torpedo boat, a small, swift vessel equipped to fire 

torpedoes; a destroyer, a larger and swifter torpedo boat to fight others. 
What had long been Great Britain's policy as to the navy? 

To have one at least as strong as the next two greatest in the world 

together. 
Where were the German warships during the most of the war? 

It is believed that most of them were in the Kiel canal, connecting 

the North Sea and the Baltic, the improvement of which to admit great 

ships was just finished in 1914, and in the Baltic sea itself. 
Did Germany make any use of its navy in this war? 

Yes, in several ways. 
What was the first use of warships? 

Near the beginning of the war several German warships known as 

"raiders" captured or sank a considerable number of ships in the 

Atlantic ocean and elsewhere on the seas. 
What was the second use of the German navy? 

Also early in the war some German ships bombarded Scarborough, an 

undefended town on the east coast of England. 
What was a third use of German warships? 

Near Denmark, May 31, 1916, was fought one of the greatest battles of 

warships in history, the battle of Jutland. 
What was the result of this battle? 

There were great losses on both sides; but the German navy never 

afterward dared to come out in great force. 
What became of the German raiders? 

They were either sunk by English war vessels or forced into the ports 

of neutral countries. 
What is done with a war vessel that takes refuge in a neutral port? 

It must leave in a certain number of hours or be interned. 

What does this mean? 

That it is kept in the neutral port in which it takes refuge and not al- 
lowed to leave until the end of the war. 
What is done with its crew? 

They are interned also. 
Did some of the German raiders come into U. S. ports? 

Yes. We interned them and their crews and, after we went to war 

ourselves with Germany, took possession of them for our own uses. 
Where else did Germany make use of her navy? 

In the Baltic sea against Russia. 
What chances to get supplies by sea did the Central Powers have? 

They had access to the Baltic, the Black and the Adriatic seas only, with 

one small exception. 
What was that? 

Twice during 1916 a German unarmed submarine of large size, the 

Deutschland, appeared at United States ports bringing dyestuffs and 

taking cargoes of rubber, nickel, etc. 
Was this ship admitted to our ports and protected? 

Yes; as it was unarmed it had to be accepted as a merchant ship. 
In attempting to shut off supplies from Germany, the Allies were led to the 
rationing of neutral nations. What does this mean? 

That they were permitted to have foodstuffs and other materials just 

sufficient to provide for themselves and provided they did not sell to 

enemy nations. 

OUR EARLY PERIOD OF NEUTRALITY. 
When this war began in Europe, what position did the U. S. take? 

One of strict neutrality, proclaimed Aug. 4, 1914. 
What did President Wilson ask? 

He asked that all Americans be neutral not only in actions and speech 

but also in thought, so far as possible. 

20 






With which side did the most of our people probably sympathize in their 
private opinions? 
With that of the Allies against Germany. 

Was this because they did not like Germans? 

No; we had found Germans who had come to this country good neigh- 
bors and citizens and many of us are descended from Germans. 

What good characteristics had we usually found in Germans? 
That they were industrious, honest and sociable. 

What did we think of the Germans in Europe? 

We admired their efficient business management and industry, their 
music, their literature and art and their thorough schools. 

What proves that this country was unusually favorable to Germany? 

The fact that the German language had long been the most popular 
one of all foreign languages in our schools and colleges. 

What did we not admire so much? 

The German government, especially its military tendency. 

Did we say or think much of this? 

No; for we thought it had nothing to do with us and we need not be 
concerned about it, if the Germans liked it. 

Did all the Germans like it? 

No; many who came to this country left Germany to escape from 
such government. 

What caused most Americans to become unfavorable to Germany soon 
after the war began? 

Their opinion that the actions of Germany were wrong. 
What was Germany's first wrong? 

Encouraging Austria in unreasonable demands on Serbia. 
What was Germany's second and greatest wrong? 

The violation of Belgian neutrality involving disregard of her own 

word of honor. 

GERMAN ATROCITIES. 

What third wrong was charged to Germany? 

Barbarous cruelty in the conduct of the war in Belgium, France, 
Poland, Serbia. 

What did this barbarity include? 

Burning towns and killing citizens for the fault of single persons, not 
always proved; firing on hospitals, hospital ships and Red Cross 
workers without cause; shelling life-boats at sea; placing captured 
women and children in front of advancing troops; holding citizens as 
hostages; enslaving and abusing civilians; mistreating prisoners, in- 
oculating them with diseases, etc. 

What proof of such cruelties do we have? 

The testimony of reliable witnesses collected by careful investiga- 
tion, especially of a British commission headed by Lord Bryce. 

Who said that Lord Bryce's evidence seemed conclusive? 

Ex-President Wm. H. Taft, himself an experienced lawyer and jurist. 

Were these barbarous acts those of degraded individual soldiers only? 
There is proof that some of them were such as must have been per- 
mitted, or even ordered, by officers of high rank. 

What proof do we have that such things were intentional? 

The writings of German authorities before the war who spoke of the 
necessity of treating the people of occupied districts with the utmost 
severity. 

What reason was given? 

That that was the best way of making German soldiers safe. 

What was the common German excuse for every wrong done? 

"Military necessity." Anything that would help Germany to win was 
regarded as right. They thought cruelty would shorten the war. 

What was this barbarous policy called by the Germans themselves? 
Frightfulness, Schrecklichkeit. 

21 



Had the Kaiser himself advised its use? 

Yes; in 1900 when sending troops to help put down the Boxer rebellion 
in China he told them to give no quarter, take no prisoners, so treat 
the Chinese that no Chinaman would ever again dare look askance at 
a German. 

Whom did he quote as an example for them? 
The Huns of a thousand years ago. 

Who were the Huns? 

A tribe of Asiatic barbarians who overran Europe in the Middle Ages 

and were noted for their cruelty. 
Who was their king? 

Attila, called "The Scourge of God." 
What did this advice of the Kaiser lead to? 

The common use of the word "Huns" to denote the Germans. 

ALLIANCE WITH TURKEY. 
What doubtless increased the feeling against Germany? 

Her alliance with the Turks, a nation noted for cruelty. 
Was this alliance a new one just sought for help in this present war? 

No; it had been carefully cultivated for many years. 

What shows this? 

The Turkish army had long been advised and drilled by German 

officers; Turkish forts were armed with German cannon; German 

warships were turned over to Turkey. 
To whom had the Turks been especially cruel? 

To Christian nations under their government at different times — to 

Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians. 

Who are the Armenians? 

A Christian nation living east of Asia Minor, near Persia, who had long 
been under Turkish rule. 

How have the Armenians often suffered? 

From persecutions and massacres, especially by their savage neigh- 
bors, the Kurds, unrestrained or assisted by the Turkish soldiers. Such 
attacks occurred in 1895 and 1909, 

What had kept the Turks somewhat in check heretofore? 
The influence of the great nations of Europe. 

What happened to the Armenians after the beginning of this war? 

They were murdered by hundreds of thousands, perhaps a million hav- 
ing perished, especially in 1915. 

Which was the only European nation that might have influenced the Turks 
to spare the Armenians this time? 
Germany; but she did not do it. 

ILL FEELING OVER SALES OF MUNITIONS 
For what did Germany blame the United States soon after the war began? 

For selling great quantities of ammunition and other war supplies to 

her enemies. 
Were these sales made by our government? 

No; they were made by private citizens or companies. 
On what ground did she object to the American sales? 

On the ground that it was unneutral for us to sell to one side only. 

What was our reply? 

That we would sell munitions to Germany too, if she would come and 

get them. 
Why could she not do this? 

Because England's navy was in the way. 
To what did we refer as to the right to make such sales? 

To the rule of international law relating to such matters. 
What is international law? 

It is what the nations of the world have agreed to in treaties and by 

the practice of years. 

22 



What is the rule of international law in such cases? 

It is legal for the citizens of a neutral country to sell such supplies to 

nations at war. 
Had Germany ever sold such supplies to nations at war? 

Often; even before this war the Krupp munition factories were the 

largest in the world and sold to many nations. 
Some good people said we should change the rule and not sell to any one 
munitions with which to fight and kill; why not? 

Because we might some time need to purchase munitions ourselves and 

such a new rule would prevent it. 
Which nations would be favored by such a change of rule? 

Those nations that make a business of preparing for war. 

How? 

A nation which had for years piled up ammunition, as Germany had, 

could defeat at once a nation that had not so prepared and could not 

buy. 
What was our position? 

We did not want to encourage war and had not prepared greatly for it. 
In case of war, what would havs been our first need? 

To purchase munitions from neutral nations. 
What caused the most of the reverses and lack of progress of the Russians, 
the Italians, the Roumanians, even of the French and British early in 
the war? 

Insufficiency of supply of guns and ammunition. 

OTHER CAUSES OF CONTROVERSY 

What did Germany do to increase the feeling against her still further? 
She sent spies who caused a number of explosions in our factories, 
plotted to destroy ships by concealed bombs, and caused other troubles. 

Have we proof that this was done by the German government? 

Yes; we know that money was supplied for spies through the German 
ambassador's office. 

What special attempt of Austria was discovered in 1915, when letters sent 
by Dr Dumba, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador were intercepted? 
That the ambassador advised the promoting of disturbances in munitions 
factories in America. Dr. Dumba was recalled in November at the re- 
quest of our government. 

Who was carrying this letter? 

An American traveler who claimed to be ignorant of its nature. 

THE GROWING SUBMARINE CONTROVERSY. 

What did the most to force the United States into war with Germany? 
Germany's way of using submarines. 

What are the high seas? 

All waters of the ocean more than three miles outside of the coast- 
line of any country. 

To whom do the high seas belong? 
To all nations in common. 

What right have all nations on the high seas? 

To sail on them, just as all have a right to travel on our public high- 
ways, and to be safe from attack, unless at war. 

How may that right be limited? 
By a regular blockade of ports. 

What does this mean? 

A notice by one nation at war that ships will not be allowed to enter 

and leave the ports of an enemy nation. 
When does a nation have the right to declare such a blockade? 

When it has warships to station near those ports to prevent vessels 

from entering and leaving. 
Does a war vessel have the right to capture a merchant vessel of an enemy 
country? 

Yes, as a prize of war. 

23 



/ 



Does it have the right to stop a merchant vessel of a neutral country on 

the high seas? . . , , **■,_«. 

Yes; to find where it came from, to which port it is bound and whether 

it has on board contraband goods; that is, goods subject to seizure or 

destruction because they may benefit enemy nations. 
What are the two classes of contraband goods? 

Absolute and conditional, the first of use for warlike purposes only and 

the second either for purposes of war or of peace. 
May the war vessel take a neutral vessel as a prize? 

Only if found to be carrying contraband goods. 
May the war vessel sink a merchant ship after taking it as a prize? 

Yes, if it is impossible to take it into port. 
May a vyar vessel sink a merchant ship without warning? 

No; neither a neutral nor an enemy ship. 

What must be done first? 

The merchant ship must be ordered to halt and submit to search. 
If the merchant ship attempts to escape after warning, may it be sunk? 

Yes. 
In all other cases what does international law require the war vessel to do? 

First to put passengers and crew of a merchant vessel in a place of 

safety before ninking it. 

COMPLAINTS OF BRITISH ACTS. 
Did Great Britain at any time commit acts held by the United States to 
violate intei national law? 

Yes; by stopping vessels on the high seas and taking them into port 

for search, thus interfering with mails, etc. 

What was England's purpose? 

To keep food and supplies from going to Germany through such neu- 
tral countries as Holland, Norway, Sweden, etc. 

How much of such supplies did she allow to go to these countries? 

Only enough for their own needs; for they were selling to Germany. 

Had they a right to sell anything they had to spare to Germany? 
Yes, just as we had a right to sell to England. 

Did the United States object to these acts of Great Britain? 

Yes; though claims for damages were left for future settlement, merely 
property rights being involved and not human life. Moreover, we knew 
from former experiences that controversies with the British govern- 
ment could be settled satisfactorily through arbitration. 
GERMAN CLAIMS FOR SUBMARINES. 

How did Germany plan to get even? 

By making her own rules for submarines. 

Is it easy for a submarine to warn, board and search a merchant ship and, 
take care of its crew and passengers? 
No; the submarine being slow, the merchant ship might escape; being 
light, it might easily be destroyed by a shot from a small cannon such 
as a merchant ship might carry; being small, it does not have room for 
many people on board. 

What did Germany claim for submarines? 

That they were different from any kind of war vessels formerly used 
and could not be expected to follow the old rules. 

What proclamation did Germany make in February, 1915? 

She declared a great expanse of the high seas around the British Isles 
a war zone. 

What did she give notice she would do there? 

That she would sink without warning any enemy merchant vessel found 
in those waters. 

What were neutrals warned not to do? 

Not to travel or ship goods in vessels belonging to the enemies of Ger- 
many, on peril of loss of life or goods. 

Was this according to international law? 

No; it was as if Mr. A told Mr. C not to ride in Mr. B's car anywhere 

24 



within a mile of B's house, as A intended to blow up B's car there on 

the public highway. 
Would such a notice change Mr. C's right? 

No; he would still have the right to ride in B's car on the highway and 

it would be the duty of the state to uphold him in that right and pro- 
tect him. 
Would it have been safer for Americans not to travel on British ships? 

Certainly; but they had a right to do so and our government was bound 

to uphold them in that right and protect them. 
Did Germany threaten neutral merchant ships in the war zone proclaimed? 

She instructed her submarine commanders not to sink any of them in- 
tentionally, but suggested that mistakes might be made. 
What notice to Germany did our government give? 

That we regarded her plan of submarine warfare as unlawful. 
What further notice was included? 

That we would hold Germany strictly to account for any loss or injury 

to our citizens. 
Were many ships sunk near this time? 

Yes, nearly a hundred in the next three months, many of them neutral. 
Did any American citizens lose their lives? 

Yes, a few earlier and over one hundred with the Lusitania, May 7, 

1915. 

THE LUSITANIA. 
What was the Lusitania? 

An unarmed English liner of the largest class. 
How was she sunk? 

By a German submarine, without warning, with the loss of 1154 persons, 

many of them women and children. 
By what special warning had Germany sought to make her case better? 

By the publication in the New York newspapers the day before the 

sailing of the Lusitania, over the signature of the German embassy, of 

notice that it would be dangerous to sail on that ship. 
How was this terrible act received in America? 

With the greatest indignation and condemnation and with a strong 

demand for war on Germany at once. 
How was it received in Germany? 

With extravagant rejoicing. 
How could they rejoice over so outrageous wholesale murder? 

They thought it would stop England's supplies and save Germany. 
What other purpose may be seen in this and the whole submarine cam- 
paign also? 

The policy of "frightfulness"; the intention to terrify, shatter the 

nerves of their opponents, thus frightening them into asking for peace. 
Did this policy have any reaction? 

Yes, in this very field. Great numbers of submarines never returned 

to port, and the Germans did not know whether they had been sunk 

or captured. We had reports of insanity and mutiny in submarine 

crews, frightened by these uncertainties. 
What did President Wilson do? 

He sent a very strong protest and demand for reparation to Germany. 
What was the effect? 

No promise was secured from Germany; but for a considerable time 

no more ships were sunk without warning. 
What was usually done with crews and passengers of vessels sunk? 

They were often set adrift in open boats far from land. 
What event next roused the American people? 

The sinking three months later of the Arabic, without warning, with 

the loss of several American lives. 
What promise did Germany now make? 

That there would be no more such sinkings; but she did not make 

amends for the Lusitania matter. 

25 



What made it easier for Germany to make this promise then, in August, 
1915? 

The fact that the English had sunk or caught most of the German 

submarines. 
How long did she keep the promise? 

Until she had built a new fleet of better submarines. 

THE SUSSEX. 

What was the next event in this campaign? 

In March, 1916, the Sussex was sunk without warning, with the loss 

of about fifty passengers. 
What message was now sent to Germany? 

That we would cease friendly relations with her, unless she at once 

promised to cease sinking ships without warning or without saving 

the lives of those on board. 
What was the effect? 

She made another promise to observe these laws, demanding, however, 

that the United States secure strict obedience to international law by 

Great Britain. 

What was the reply of the United States to this demand? 

That the rights of the United States could not be allowed to depend 

in the slightest degree on the action of any other government. 
UNRESTRICTED SINKINGS RESUMED. 
What change came at the end of January, 1917? 

Germany announced that England had not obeyed international law 

strictly, so Germany would not either. 
What difference was there between the illegal acts of which England was 
accused and those committed by Germany? 

In the former case goods only were involved, and human life in the 

latter. 
What was Germany's notice? 

That she would now sink without warning all ships found in great 

areas around England and France and in the Mediterranean. 
How was this threat wider than the former ones? 

It included neutral ships also. 
Why had this not been done sooner? 

Merely because Germany was not ready with enough submarines. 
What provision was made for the United States? 

We were informed that we might send one ship per week to England 

along a certain road, provided we painted its sides with great stripes. 

THE UNITED STATES CEASES RELATIONS WITH GERMANY 
What did we now do? 

The President sent the German ambassador home and ordered our 

ambassador in Germany to come home, Feb. 3, 1917. 
What did our ambassador, Mr. Gerard, do after returning? 

He wrote two books telling of what he saw in the four years he 

lived in Germany; both are interesting and instructive. 
Did this mean that we were making war on Germany? 

Not necessarily; but it did indicate that we could not continue friendly 

relations. 

What does it mean to say that the person of an ambassador is sacred? 

In all ages an ambassador has been regarded as entitled to protection 
even in the country of an enemy, and to free passage and safe conduct 
out of it. 

How was this "diplomatic immunity" infringed in Mr Gerard's case? 

He was delayed in his departure on the pretext that Ambassador Berns- 
torff was in danger in this country. He was also asked to sign for the 
United States a treaty which the German government wished much 
to have concluded. 

Did he sign? 

He did not, but stated in a very positive way that he would not. 

26 



What did we learn soon after this? 

That while we were still keeping friendly relations with Germany she 
had plotted against us. 

In what way? , ± _ 

She had sent a note to Mexico suggesting that that country get Japan 
to join her in a war against the United States and that Mexico take 
Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. 

What intermediate action was taken in the early part of March, 1917? 

The President, after failing to get Congress to act because of the ob- 
jections in the Senate of a dozen senators, whom he called "willful 
men", himself ordered our merchant ships to be armed for defense. 
THE UNITED STATES AT WAR 

What was done near the end of March? 

The President called Congress together and, on his recommendation, 
Congress declared, April 6, that a state of war with Germany existed. 

Who then brought on the war? 

Germany; we did not declare war on Germany but that she had already 

begun war on us. We had to fight or submit. 
Was war declared on Austria-Hungary at the same time? 

Not until Dec. 7, 1917, because it was not until near that time that we 

met her forces assisting Germany. 
Why did we not declare war on Bulgaria and Turkey? 

Because we did not come into military contact with them. 

What else did Congress do? 

It authorized the expenditure for war purposes of vast sums of money 
and gave the President very great extraordinary powers in war man- 
agement, directing him "to employ the entire military and naval forces 
of the United States" and "pledging all the resources of the country 
to carry the war to a successful issue." 

Was it necessary to ask the Congress for these things? 

Yes, this being a democratic government only the representatives of 
the 'people can declare war or grant the money to carry it on. 

Who is commander in chief of all the armies and navies of the U. S.? 

The President; it is his business and that of the officers under him to 
decide how to carry on the war. 

THE-FIRST FOREIGN ALLIANCE OF THIS COUNTRY. 

How has the United States always acted toward wars in Europe? 
It has tried to keep out of European quarrels. 

What famous person had advised this? 

George Washington, our first great general and president, called tne 

"Father of His Country." 
Have we not fought with European powers? 

Only with England and Spain and then only in our own cause and not 

in partnership with any European country. This was new for us. 

THE MONROE DOCTRINE 
What warning had we given Europe to avoid quarrels with us? 
The adoption and announcement of the Monroe Doctrine. 

When had this been done? „„ Mm * 

Nearly one hundred years earlier, when James Monroe was president. 

What is the Monroe Doctrine? 

The determination of the United States not to allow any transfer of 

territory in the Western hemisphere to the advantage of European 

governments. 
Does the determination not to let European governments increase control 
in this hemisphere involve any duties on our sides? 

Yes; we must be responsible for order in this hemisphere. 
How about Canada and other British, French and Dutch colonies on this 

These belonged to European powers before we adopted the Monroe 
Doctrine. 

27 



Do we intend to ask the European governments to give these up? 

Not at all; but we insist they shall not take more. 
How did European powers lose Mexico and the Central and South American 
countries? 

These gained their freedom from Spain and Portugal by revolution. 
How about Alaska? , 

We bought that from Russia. 

How about Cuba? 

We freed her from Spain because of the misgovernment of that country. 

How about Porto Rico? 

We took that for the same reason. 

REASONS FOR WAR. 
Why did we go to war with Germany? 

Because she sank our ships, murdered our citizens, attempted to give 

us orders limiting our travel on the high seas and tried to stir up other 

countries against us. 
Did we go to war because Germany mistreated Serbia? 

No; we did not approve of this but would have left it to European 

settlement. 
Did we go to war because Germany invaded Belgium and mistreated its 
citizens? 

No; that too we would have left to European decision. 
Was it because Germany let Turkey butcher the Armenians? 

No; we sympathized as individuals with the Armenians but held that 

it was not the business of this government to interfere. 
Was it because Germany wanted to extend her rule over the most of the 
world by military power? 

No; we were not much alarmed about that. 
Were we much alarmed about anything? 

No; we had supposed our country so great, rich and powerful that no 

one would ever dare attack us. 
Having been attacked and forced into the war did we become interested 
in all of these European questions? 

We had to become interested in them and take part in the settlement of 

all of them. 
If Germany had conquered England and taken possession of her navy and 
of Canada would she have been strong enough to attack us at home? 

It is plain that she would have been. 
What then was our only choice? 

To fight Germany then, with allies, or to fight her later without allies, 

in either case in self-defense. 
What warning of Germany's intentions was given October 22, 1915? 

The Kaiser himself said to Mr. Gerard, "I shall stand no nonsense 

from America after the war." He wasn't called on to do so. 
Was the intention to attack us a new one? 

No; about twenty years earlier a German diplomat told an American the 

great German war would begin in "about fifteen years." France, Eng- 
land and the United States were to be defeated in turn. 
DEMOCRACY, AUTOCRACY, MILITARISM. 
What did President Wilson say we must do in this war? 

That we must "make the world safe for democracy." 
What is democracy? 

A government which the people control. 
Is our government a democracy? 

Yes; because the people elect those who manage the government or 

those who appoint them; also, all of those who make the laws. 
Was the government of Germany a democracy? 

No; the Kaiser had said that his will was the supreme law. 
Did Germany not have a parliament elected by the people? 

Yes; the Reichstag (rikes-taag), the parliament of the realm, but 

28 



Prussia had 236 of its 397 members and it was not much more than "a 
debating society" in power. 

Did the Reichstag decide on going to war, as our Congress does? 
No; the Kaiser and his ministers decided to go to war. 

Had Germany also a body somewhat like our Senate? 
Yes; the Bundesrat, the council of the federation. 

How was the Bundesrat different from our Senate? 

Its members were not elected by the people but were appointed by the 
kings, dukes, etc., who were the heads of the different states in Ger- 
many. 

Was the Bundesrat asked? 

No; it should have been except in case of a war of defense, but the 
Kaiser said this was a war of defense. 

Was the chancellor, or prime minister, responsible to the Reichstag or to the 
Kaiser? 

To the latter. 
Were the German people, then, thrown into this awful war without being 
asked? 

Neither they nor their representatives were asked. 
Did they think this was right? 

They probably did; for they had been trained to obey. 
How could the Kaiser himself think it right for him alone to decide such 
great matters for the whole people? 

He believed that he had been appointed by God to rule the people. 
Who was the Emperor of Germany? 

Whoever was king of Prussia, was to be the emperor of Germany. 
Could not this constitution be changed? 

Not without the consent of the Kaiser; for he controlled 20 votes in the 

Bundesrat and only 14 were necessary to defeat any proposed change. 
How did Prussia grow great and powerful? 

By means of war, taking land first from one nation and then from 

another. 

Had Prussia usually tried to keep out of war? 

No; the usual Prussian plan seems to have been to prepare well for 
war and then pick a quarrel with the nation it wished to attack. 

Had Prussia preferred to declare war? 

No; it preferred to insult its adversary until it declared war. 

Would Germany have been strong enough to defeat any one of the other 
nations alone? 
It seems that she would. 

Would she have considered the rights of other countries? 

German leaders had said that no weaker country had any rights that 
were against the interests of Germany. 

Would it be safe at the end of the war to leave Germany free to build up 1 a 
great army again? 
Nothing could be safe but complete defeat of Germany and strict limi- 
tation of her military establishment. 

Were the German rulers tired of militarism in the early summer of 1918? 
No; June 16, 1918, the Kaiser said, "I know that Prussian militarism, 
so much abused by our enemies, which my forefathers and I have ma- 
tured, has given Germany's sword power to triumph and that victory 
will bring a peace that will guarantee the German life." 

Who defeated Germany? 

Our allies had probably done more than half the great task when we 
entered the war; but the men and the money of the United States seemed 
to be necessary to finish it. 



29 



Have Great Britain, England, Belgium, and Italy democratic governments? 
Yes; the people control these governments. 

Do they not have kings? 

Yes; but the people's representatives make the laws and control their 

administration. 
Who is the head of the British government? 

The prime minister, or premier. 
To whom is the prime minister responsible? 

To the House of Commons, elected by the people. 
What if the House of Commons refuse to support the prime minister? 

Another premier must be chosen whom they do approve. 
Did Mr. Wilson mean to say that all the countries of the world must have 
democratic governments? 

No; not if the people want to keep a different government. 
What if the people of any country want to keep an absolute ruler who 
thinks that he is God's representative? 

It will be that people's affair, if they want to be ruled that way. 
What, then, does making the world safe for democracy mean? 

That any nation that wants to govern itself shall be safe in doing it. 

How shall they be made safe? 

By making sure that no selfish government shall ever again dare to 

attack and outrage weaker peoples who are governing themselves. 
Having won this war, shall we prepare for greater wars, as Prussia has 
always done? 

It is more probable that the world will never again be so insane as to 

permit a great war. 
How may wars be prevented? 

By allowing no nation to train great armies, pile up great war stores, 

build more terrible forts, etc. 
How can such preparation be prevented? 

A single international army made up from all countries might act as 

a police force to control any one disobedient nation. 
Can Germany be taken into such a league to keep the peace of the world? 

Not under its former government. "No autocratic government could 

be trusted to keep faith in a concert for peace." — Wilson. 

MISTAKES AND HINDRANCES OF GERMANY. 
How were the plans of Germany spoiled at critical phases of the war? 

1. By the unexpected delay caused by Belgium. 

2. By the unexpected entrance of Great Britain. 

3. By the Russian invasion in 1914, compelling retreat from the Marne. 

4. By the refusal of Italy to join Germany and her later attack. 
. 5. Most especially by the unexpected entry of America. 

When disregarding American rights did the Germans not think we would 1 
fight? 

They probably thought we would submit to anything to keep the peace. 
Why did they think we would not fight? 

They believed we cared only for making money and "having a good 

time." 
How have we disproved the accusation of worshiping money? 

By spending more already than any one ever dreamed of and by asking 

for none of it back. 
Why did they think we might be afraid to begin a fight? 

They knew there are millions of Germans living in the United States 

and thought these would rebel and fight for Germany. 
Why did they not? 

They came here to find a better country and government; they found 

these, liked them and wanted to keep them for themselves and their 

children. 
How many of our population are foreigners? 

About 13 millions are foreign born and 18 millions more are children 

of foreign parents. 

30 



Of what two classes were the Germans and Austrians in th's country? 
Naturalized citizens and so-called alien enemies. 

Did these many "alien enemies" prove dangerous? 

Only in a few cases. The most of them were left under only a few re- 
strictions as to place of residence and work, travel, reporting to officials 
occasionally, etc. 

Why did the German leaders think we could not do much, if we did fight? 
They knew we were not trained nor prepared for war. 

SITUATION OF COUNTRIES IN 1918. 
Up to October 1918, had the Central Powers or our Allies gained most? 

Germany and her allies had gained much more than they had *ost in 

Europe; but Germany had lost all her colonies, about 1,000,000 square 

miles of territory, one-third as much as the United States. 
Which was the only one of Germany's allies that had lost much territory? 

Turkey. 
What had Germany and Austria done? 

They had taken Poland, Serbia, nearly all of Roumania and Belgium, 

Montenegro, and parts of France and Italy and western Russia. 
What especial advantage had this given them? 

The destruction of war had been kept outside of their own lands and 

cities. 
How else had it helped them? 

It had put into their hands much productive country from which they 

could procure food, coal, iron, oil and other supplies. 
What more did they gain from this occupation of the territory of their 
enemies? 

They made every occupied city and district pay enormous sums of 

money to escape destruction. 

Did the Central Countries have enough food in 1918? 

We, of course, had no exact knowledge; for they were careful to pre- 
vent the giving out of information. 

How had their situation been improved in that year? 

Peace with Russia, Ukrania, Roumania had opened up productive 
regions supplying much food. 

What did we suppose was their condition? 

That they had but scanty provisions of food, clothing, coal and metals. 

How did they take care of what they had? 

No one was permitted to hold large supplies for private use and pro- 
visions could be bought only in strictly limited quantities. 

How did they strive to produce more? 

Women, children, old men all worked as much as they could. 
Where did women work? 

Not only in the homes but also in fields, shops, everywhere they could. 
How were the poorer people kept from starving and freezing? 

By government provision and by not allowing even the rich to use more 

than necessary. 
Were the people of these countries ready to give up the fight? 

We did not know that eith-er; any one talking in favor of doing so would 

probably have been put in prison. 
What is the probability? 

That the common people of Turkey and Austria were ready to quit; and 

evidence was growing that most of the Germans were very tired of 

war also. 
What influences tended to keep them willing to fight longer? 

Their armies had pushed forward nearly everywhere; they had been 

taught that other nations attacked Germany without just cause; they 

believed' that their rulers must be right. 
Did the Germans know more of conditions in this country? 

They probably did; for our censorship was less strict and more difficult 

to maintain in so large a country. 

31 



Was our situation as to supplies more favorable than theirs? 

Yes; they did not raise all they used before the war, while we produced 

more. 
What did we have to do beside providing for ourselves? 

We had to furnish our allies great quantities which they needed and 

could not produce. 
Was it necessary for us also to limit the food, clothing, etc., each family 
could buy? 

Many such regulations were made. The motto was "Food will win the 

war; do not waste it." Yet great crops and the results of a year of 

saving gave us in the autumn of 1918 a very promising outlook. 

RELIGIONS, RACES, ETC., IN THE WAR. 
Was this war one between different religions? 

No; not in any sense. 
Who were fighting together? 

Protestant and Roman Catholic Germans, Greek Catholic Bulgarians, 

Mohammedan Turks on one side; Roman Catholic Irish, French, Ital- 
ians and Americans, with Protestant English and Americans, Brahmin 

Hindoos and Buddhist Japs on the other, etc., etc. 
How were the Protestants divided? 

German Protestants were on one side and English, American, etc., on 

the other. 
How were Roman Catholics divided? 

Irish, French, Italian, English, American, etc., on one side; German, 

Austrian, Bohemian, etc., on the other. 
How were the Greek Catholics divided? 

Bulgarians on one side and Russians and Greeks on the other. 
How were the Mohammedans divided? 

Turks on one side, Arabs rebelling, many from Africa and India on the 

side of the Entente Allies. 
Was this a war of races? 

Not to any great extent. 
Were the Germanic races together? 

England and Germany have been the bitterest foes. 
Were the Slavs together? 

Bulgarians and a large part of the Austrian army were Slavs against 

Russian, Serbian and other Slavs. 
Were the Poles together? 

Many were in the German and Austrian armies and many in the Russian. 
How was race related to the beginning of the war? 

We should remember that it was Austrian fear of Pan-Slavism that 

led her to attack Serbia. 
What does Pan-Slavism mean? 

The plan of joining all the Slavs under one government. 
Between what, then, was the war? 

Between two groups of nations as such; it was the War of the Nations. 
Several years ago a writer said, "Some day some one will drop a match 
somewhere in the Balkans and start a conflagration that will run over 
Europe." Did he say too much? 

No; that conflagration has gone farther than Europe. 
Where was the match dropped? 

It was the flash of the assassin's pistol in Bosnia. 

ALLIED WAR AIMS. 
When did we know on what terms this country and our allies were willing 
to make peace? 
January 5 and January 8, 1918. 
Who told us and the world very clearly? 

The heads of the British and American governments told us. 
Who was the head of the Engilsh government? 

David Lloyd George, the premier or prime minister. 
When did he speak? 
January 5. 

32 



What right had he to speak? 

He told us that he had consulted with representatives of the principal 
parts of the British empire and of English classes. 

Who was the head of the American government? 
President Woodrow Wilson. 

When did he speak? 

January 8, to Congress. 

Was it likely that these men would propose anything France and Italy did 
not approve? 
No; for they doubtless knew the policies of these allies also. 

What kind of treaties of peace were demanded? 

Open treaties, without any secret understanding of any kind between 
or among certain nations. 

Why? 

President Wilson said that such secret understandings are "likely at 
some unlooked for moment to upset the peace of the world." 

Have such treaties heretofore been common? 
Yes. 

Have they ever upset the peace of the world? 

It is probable that uncertainties on account of secret treaties had con- 
siderable to do with the present war, as with many former ones. 

What of freedom of the seas? 

President Wilson demanded "absolute freedom of navigation," alike in 
peace and war. Premier Lloyd George said nothing on this point. 

DEMANDS ON GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
Did the Allies demand the destruction of the German nation? 

No. 
What did Lloyd George say about this? 

"The destruction or disruption of Germany or of the German people 

has never been a war aim with us." 
What did Mr. Wilson say? 

"We have no jealousy of German greatness and there is nothing in our 

program that impairs it." 
Did they demand that Germany adopt a democratic form of government? 

No; Lloyd George said that that would be good but that it was a ques- 
tion for the German people. 
What place were we willing to give Germany? 

"We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the nations of the 

world, instead of a place of mastery." — Wilson. 
What did the Allies then require Germany to give up? 

The scheme of ruling other countries by force of arms. 
What did they require her to acknowledge? 

"The right of all peoples to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with 

each other, whether they be strong or weak." 
Of what deception did Lloyd George accuse the German leaders? 

Of falsely teaching the German people that they were fighting a war of 

self-defense against nations bent on the destruction of Germany. 
Did the Allies demand that Austria-Hungary be broken up? 

Lloyd George said, "We agree with President Wilson that the break-up 

of Austria-Hungary is no part of our war aims." 
What did they say should be done? 

That genuine self-government on true democratic principles should be 

granted to the Austro-Hungarian peoples, who have long desired it. 

DEMANDS ON TURKEY. 
Did they expect to require Turkey to give up Constantinople? 

Neither that capital nor any other territory whose inhabitants are prin- 
cipally of the Turkish race. 
What portions of the present Ottoman empire did they demand should be 
given "an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested op- 
portunity of autonomous development"? 
Arabia, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. 

33 



Did this mean that these divisions were to be made independent sovereign 
states? 

Lloyd George said that that would be impossible. 

What did we suppose it meant? 

Probably that each would be given entire local self-government, under 
the nominal sovereignty of Turkey, but guaranteed by all the nations 
against oppression. 

What would this mean for Arabia? 

That the Arabs would again be practically free in their own country. 

Had the Arabs been faithful subjects of Turkey? 

No; they never did submit fully to that government. 

What was the meaning of such a peace for Armenia and Syria? 

Freedom from persecutions and massacres from which they had suf- 
fered for centuries. 

What was its meaning for Palestine? 

That it would probably be placed practically under the management of 
the Jews, whose home-land it is, and that both they and Christians could 
travel safely to all its holy places. 

What did it seem to mean for Mesopotamia? 

That, probably under the supervision of England, its fertility might be 
restored by irrigation and good farming and it become once more one 
of the richest countries of the world, as it once was, instead of the 
near desert it had been in modern times. 

What was it understood would be demanded as to the straits from the 
Mediterranean to the Black sea? 

That they be internationalized and neutralized. 
What does their being internationalized mean? 

Their being open to the use of all nations on equal terms. 
What is the meaning of their being neutralized? 

That no war shall be permitted along their course. 
Were they then prepared for war? 

Very strongly. The English and French failed to take them by attack 

in 1915 and they were greatly strengthened later. 
How were they prepared? 

By great fortifications planned years ago by German military engin- 
eers and defended by German-made guns. 

DEMANDS FOR WEAK PEOPLES. 
What was demanded for Alsace-Lorraine? 

That it be given back to France. 
How did both Lloyd George and Wilson speak of its seizure by Germany? 

As "the great wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871." 
What did President Wilson say of this wrong? 

"It has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years." 
What did Mr. Lloyd George say of it? 

"This sore has poisoned the peace of Europe for half a century." 
How strongly determined were the Allies on this demand? 

Lloyd George said, "We mean to stand by France to the death." 
What was demanded for Belgium? 

That it be restored completely to independence and all the injury done 

to her repaired, so far as possible. 
What was demanded for the occupied parts of France and Italy? 

That they also be vacated and damages made good. 
What for Serbia, Montenegro and Roumania? 

That they likewise be cleared of alien armies and restored to good con- 
dition. 
Were any indemnities to be demanded? 

No; each nation would itself bear the cost of its war expenses. 
Would money paid by Germany to make good damages done be an indem- 
nity? 

No; for it will not pay any part of the expenses of any nation for going 

to war. 

34 



For what, then, will England, France, Italy, the United States, etc., .hough 
victorious, still pay the enormous costs of the war? 
For the benefits coming with the making of the world safe. 

What was demanded for Italy? 

"Union of Italians with those of their own race and tongue," "readjust- 
ment of Italy's frontiers along clearly recognizable lines of national- 
ity." 

What did this mean practically? 

That the districts of Austria inhabited by Italians should be given to 
Italy. 

What was demanded for Poland? 

A really independent nation made up of all Polish elements who desire 
to be included, its complete independence and security to be guaran- 
teed by international covenant. 

Had a Polish state not already been established? 

Yes; Germany had made a new kingdom of Poland; but we considered 
this nothing more than a German scheme to hold it as a dependency. 

What was proposed for Roumania? 

That those of Roumanian blood and speech should be given justice. 

What did this probably mean? 

That those sections of Hungary (Transylvania) inhabited by Rou- 
manians should be joined to Roumania. 

What was especially asked for Serbia? 

Free and secure access to the sea, this country then having no seaport. 

What of Germany's colonies? 

An adjustment was demanded that considered the interests of the popu- 
lations concerned. 

Where had Germany had colonies? 

In Africa, New Guinea, Samoa, etc. 

Who held them in January, 1918? 

English, Portuguese and Japanese forces. 

Did the Allies demand anything for Russia? 
The two speeches differ somewhat in this. 

What was Lloyd George's attitude? 

He recognized that Russia brought others into the war by stepping in 
to protect Serbia; that the present rulers were engaged in negotiating 
a separate peace without any reference to the nations she brought 
in; he warned them that such a peace would merely enslave Russia to 
Germany; he concluded that Russia could be saved only by her own 
people. 

How did President Wilson regard the situation? 

He heard the voice of the helpless Russian" people; he demanded the 
evacuation of all Russian territory and a chance for real freedom as 
a democratic nation; he urged other nations to consider Russia's needs. 

SECURITIES FOR THE FUTURE. 
What guaranties that this awful catastrophe shall not be repeated were de- 
manded? 
The reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent 
with domestic safety and the establishment of an international organ- 
ization to settle international disputes. 
What disadvantages of the present system of settling international disputes 
did Lloyd George refer to? 
"The burden of war," "the crushing weight of modern armaments," 
"the evil of compulsory military service," "the vast waste of wealth 
and effort," "blots on our civilization of which every thinking indi- 
dividual must be ashamed." 
Finally, what is necessary to make any treaty of peace "worth the paper it 
is written on"? 
The determination of every nation, "at whatever sacrifices, to honor 
the national signature"; that is, to keep its treaty promises. 
What did Lloyd George say is necessary to give some promise of stability 
of any settlement made? 
Government with the consent of the governed. 

35 



How far did President Wilson pledge the American people to go to en- 
force such terms as he had demanded? 
He guaranteed that we would devote our lives, our honor and everything 
that we possessed to that purpose. 

Were Americans, young and old, willing to do this? 

Every citizen in the schools and out of school had to answer for him- 
self. History depends on the answers made. 

Why did President Wilson say we should sacrifice so much? 

"Because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable 
peace," with all the benefits to the world that this will bring. 

In all of these terms, stated by the heads of the British and American 
governments, was there any selfish advantage asked for America or 
England? 

Nothing that was not to be of equal value to all peoples of the earth. 
Will our victory hurt Germany? 

Much less, probably, than their own victory would in the end have hurt 

the German people. 
From what insanity will defeat free them? 

From that of thinking themselves better than all other peoples. 
Should we hate" the German people for their injuries to us and the cruelties 
they have inflicted on others? 

No; for hate always does more harm to the hater than to the one 

hated; but we should punish and cure them. 
Which is the only country that has praised hate? 

Germany, whose emperor gave a decoration of honor to the author of 

a "Hymn of Hate." 
What did ex-President Taft say seemed to be the only way to cure them? 

By a surgical operation. 
What did he mean by that? 

That we must fight them, defeat them, teach them finally that might 

does not make right, not even Prussian might. 
When and where did President Wilson again state American war aims? 

July 4, 1918, in a speech at the tomb of Washington at Mt. Vernon. 
What four principles did he then state? 

1. Arbitrary power that can destroy the peace of the world of its own 
choice must be destroyed. 

2. All decisions of questions of territory, sovereignty, etc., must be 
based on free acceptance by the peoples immediately concerned. 

3. Nations must keep faith, as individuals are expected to do. 

4. The organized combined power of the nations must guarantee peace 
and justice through a. definite tribunal to whose decisions all must 
submit. 

In what one sentence did he sum up? 

"What we seek is the reign of law based on the consent of the governed 
and sustained by the organized opinion of mankind." 

PEACE PROPOSALS. 
On what terms did the Central Powers twice propose peace? 

On terms recognizing them as victorious, as they seemed to be. 
Did the Allies give much consideration to these proposals? 

No. They demanded righting of wrongs done and guarantees for the 

future. 
Why had we hopes of getting better terms later? 

Because we believed that our enemies could not long find more men as 

soldiers and equip them and feed their peoples. 
Was there any other reason for not accepting peace? 

Yes; it would have been to give German militarism dominion over the 

world and we were determined to fight to the last to prevent this. 
What gave the greatest hope of winning? 

The entrance of the United States into the war. 
How much strength did this add? 

That of the richest and one of the largest countries of the world, with 

nearly as great man power as Germany and Austria both. 

36 



What appeals for peace did Pope Benedict XV make? 
One in August, 1915, without definite proposals. 

One in August, 1917, recommending that moral force of right replace 
power of arms; that the seas be free in every sense; that no indem- 
nities whatever be required; that all occupied territories be returned, 
and that many questions be discussed after the war. 

What was President Wilson's reply? 

That the proposed peace would merely give German autocracy time to 
regain strength. That the intolerable wrongs of furious and brutal 
power of the German government must be righted. That we could not 
take the word of the present rulers of Germany. 

What was the German reply? 

That the Kaiser always had tried to keep peace. The substitution of 
moral power of right for force of arms is a fine idea and Germany would 
support any proposal compatible with the vital interest of the Ger- 
man Empire and people. Nothing was said about return of territory. 

What did Germany ask early in October, 1918? 

Peace negotiations based on President Wilson's own terms as given 
in his speech of Jan. 8 and in later speeches, and an armistice. 

What was Mr. Wilson's response? 

He asked whether Prince Maximilan, the chancellor, meant that Ger- 
many would accept those terms definitely and whether he represented 
the same German government that had conducted the war up to that 
time. He also said he could not ask the Entente Allies to negotiate so 
long as any foreign armed force held any part of their territory. 

How was this reply met? 

By a prompt message accepting all terms, promising to evacuate oc- 
cupied territory and stating that the offer came from the German gov- 
ernment and people. 

What did President Wilson then say, Oct. 14? 

Armistice would be left to Allied military advisers; no arrangement 
could be made not absolutely guaranteeing the then present Allied 
military supremacy; nor so long as Germany continued, as she was 
still doing, illegal and inhumane practices on land and sea; nor until 
the Germans changed their government. 

How did he reply separately, Oct. 19, to a similar peace note from Austria- 
Hungary? 
That not merely autonomy for the Czecho-Slovaks and the Jugo-Slavs, 
as demanded Jan. 8, could now be accepted; but that these peoples 
must now be allowed to decide for themselves what form of govern- 
ment would satisfy them. 

How did Germany respond Oct. 23 to President Wilson's note of Oct. 14? 
By agreeing in general with his suggestions as to evacuation and 
armistice; by asking that no demand be made that Germany could not 
accept with honor; by denying inhumane practices; by declaring that 
orders were being sent to all commanders of submarines not to at- 
tack passenger ships; and stating that the government of Germany 
had been made fully subject to the control of the people. 

What immediate reply did President Wilson make? 

That no armistice was acceptable except one making it impossible for 
Germany to renew hostilities and no terms but surrender without fuller 
proof of the alleged change of the German government. 

AMERICAN PREPARATION. 

Were we slow in getting armies into the field? 

It took England about two years to develop her full fighting strength 
in the field. 

What did the United States do in the first year and a quarter of war? 

We increased the army from 212,000 to more than 2,000,000; the navy 
from 150,000 to 500,000; we built 32 camps and cantonments for 47,000 
or more men each; also, several training fields for aviators, many 
manufactories of powder, arms, etc.; built, 600 miles of railroad and 
many other great works in France; greatly increased, shipping and 

37 



airplane production; put 300 woolen mills at work on army contracts, 
bought 20 million pairs of shoes, etc., etc. 

How fast were men sent to France in 1918? 

More than a quarter of a million per month were often sent, more than 
300,000 in July, 1918. 

What is a casualty? 

The removal of a man from the effective forces by death, capture or 
wounds of any character, either serious or slight. 

How many casualties occurred in our overseas forces? 

Up to Oct. 6, 1918, 40,671; killed in action, 7,990; died of wounds, 2,- 
586; died of disease, 1,992; died of accident, 960; wounded, 21,922; 
prisoners and missing, 5,221. 

How great had the German casualties been up to September, 1918? 

They have been estimated at six million, more than a million and a 
half being deaths. Ordinarily, not more than a fifth of the casualties 
are deaths. 

ARMY ORGANIZATION BY DRAFT. 

How did the United States change the organization of its army for this 
war? 
From a volunteer organization to one made up by a selective draft. 

What is a draft? 

A drawing by impartial lot of certain men. 

When is a draft made selective? 

When those fairly drawn are accepted or rejected and assigned to the 
service they can do best, all according to their fitness. 

What was the first step toward a draft? 
A registration or listing of men. 

Who were registered? 

All men of from twenty-one to thirty-one years of age, nearly ten 
million of them, all of these being numbered in their registration dis- 
tricts. 

What was the next step? 

The drawing by lot to see -what numbers should first be called. 

What was the next step taken? 

The determination of an exemption board as to which ones should be 
taken and which ones excused. 

What kind of men were excused? 

Those who were not sound in mind, body or health and those who were 
believed to be able to help more to win the war in some other work 
than in that of a soldier. 

What were some of the kinds of work that sometimes excused a young man 
from army service? 
For example, the making of ammunition or arms or machinery or 
food-producing work that could not be done by others. 

What else might excuse a young man? 

The fact of having wife or children or parents or others who had no 
other sufficient means of support than his work. 

Who were chosen first? 

Healthy, unmarried men who had no dependents. 

What change in the draft law was enacted by Congress in August, 1918? 
The extension of the age limi.ts from the 18th to the 46th birthday, 
different ages to be called in any order the President might determine. 

What provision did the government make for the protection of families of 
enlisted men? 
The issuing of life insurance not exceeding $10,000 per man, amount- 
ing in August, 1918, to over 30 billion dollars of insurance applied for 
by about 3,400,000 men. 



SPENDING OF MONEY. 
What else did the people provide in addition to the young men? 

Money, more money than our government ever spent in all of its history 



38 



For what first did the government spend money? 

To build great camps for housing and training soldiers; for tents, 
arms, ammunition, trucks, wagons, horses, ships to replace those lost; 
and more for clothing, food, medical service, etc. 

For what other purpose did we furnish money? 

To lend to allied countries which had already spent many billions 

and so were poorer than we were. 
What did they do with th's money? 

They bought materials with which to continue the war. 

Where did they buy these things? 

Wherever they could be found,— a very large portion of them in this 

country. 
Why were not these supplies bought at home? 

Because these greatly war-worn countries were not able to produce 

them. 
How great did our exports become? 

They rose to the value of six billion dollars per year. 

SOME DUTIES OF CITIZENS 
How could this country furnish all we and all our allies needed? 

Only by raising and manufacturing a great deal more than we used. 
What, then, was the first duty of every good citizen who d:d not go to war, 
no matter what his age? „,«„»,+ 

To do his work faithfully and try to find some way in which he might 
help to produce more. 
What special classes were called on for special service? 

Doctors and nurses for service in hospitals; doctors to examine regis- 
tered men; dentists to care for the teeth of enlisted men; lawyers to 
help them in making out questionnaires; teachers in helping exemption 
boards to index these; mechanics for work in shipyards, munition and 
airplane factories, etc. 
How could pupils in school do most? ..'-'•"* „a 

By being better students than ever before, and learning faster and 
learning more. 
How could being better students help to win the war? 

The war took a great many trained young men; and pupils in school 
needed to grow up trained to take their places. 
How else could school children help the country? 

By helping more with the work at home and looking for chances to 
help elsewhere. 
In what particular ways? ' . 

By employing hours, days or months outside of school in raising gar- 
dens or helping to farm or to make something, that could be used, doing 
any work that needed to be done. 

FOOD PROBLEMS. 

What, especially, can school children do to produce food? . 

By finding each year a bit of good ground, planning, learning how to 
plant, getting ready to start at the right time in the spring. 

How can we learn what, when and how to plant and how to cultivate? 

By getting garden seed catalogues or books on gardening from deal- 
ers, libraries, etc., talking with parents, gardeners, farmers, etc. 

Did the people respond to the call to gardening? 
Greatly in 1917 and very much more in 1918. 

After helping all we can to produce, how can we help further to increase 
the amount this country can let others have? 
Only by using no more than we really need and letting nothing go to 
waste. 

What else helps? ... ,, . „ ori nn . ,. 

To select for our own use, as far as we can, things that can not be 

sent abroad easily. 

39 



Why does it help to eat corn bread, rabbits, poultry, etc., rather than wheat 
bread, beef, and pork? 

Wheat, beef and pork can be shipped to Europe without spoiling and 

can be used there; the other foods can not be shipped and used so well. 
What other foods than those mentioned should we use sparingly? 

Sugar and fats, such as lard and butter. 
What was planned to insure more of certain products in 1919? 

Every farmer was asked to raise a field of wheat and to increase the 

number of hogs. 
Even when we have large crops should we use food freely? 

No; we must build up reserve stores for ourselves and others for fear 

of a poor crop next year. 
What else was being done by the government to help furnish enough food 
for all? 

A food commission was appointed to control all food production and use. 

What did this commission have power to do? 

To regulate all trade in foods, to prevent hoarding, to require reports, 

to control wholesale prices and limit the amounts of different foods 

the people might purchase, so far as it seemed necessary to do so. 
What changes in the manufacture of liquors were made to save food? 

That of distilled liquors was stopped first and that of malt liquors later, 

for the duration of the war. 
Was this done by the United States alone? 

No; nearly all countries made similar regulations as a war measure. 
Is such a means of saving good in times of peace as well as in war? 

This question is being seriously considered. 
How much food did Mr. Hoover, head of the food administration, expect us 
to be able to export in 1918? 

The United States 18 million tons and Canada 3 million. 
Were the enemy countries hungry? 

Mr. Hoover said they were and that in the conquered countries the loss 

of life by starvation would exceed all casualties on the western front in 

battle. 
How many were these casualties? 

From March 21 to July 24, it was estimated that a million had been 

killed, captured or wounded. 
How great are our principal products annually? 

Wheat 900 million bushels; corn, 3 billion; oats \y 2 billion; rye, 82 

millions; potatoes, 406 millions; coal, 600 million tons; hay, 102 million 

tons; cotton, 11 to 15 million bales; copper, 2 billion pounds; petroleum, 

15 billion gallons. 

FUEL PROBLEMS. 

What was done to secure enough coal for use where it was needed? 

A United States fuel commission was appointed to control fuel in the 
country. 

What did this commission do? 

First, it set prices for different kinds of coal in different parts of the 
country. Then, January, 1918, factories, etc., all over the country were 
ordered not to use fuel for five days and these and ordinary business 
establishments, offices, etc., not to use fuel on ten Mondays. 

Why? 

To get enough to furnish ships, engines, etc., to forward goods, to sup- 
ply houses, schools, etc. 
Did this order of Commissioner Garfield please all members of Congress? 
It was severely criticised in Congress; it seemed necessary for a time 
but was afterward discontinued when mild weather came. 



40 



Why should certain officers have power to give orders that even Congress 
does not approve of at the time? 
We believe, just as the ancient Romans did, that in times of war emer- 
gency, the best results can be obtained by creating dictators. 

What were all urged to do in the spring and summer of 1918? 

To store coal early for the next winter, not to burden the market then. 

Did we still need to save coal? 

Yes; as it was still difficult to get enough mined and shipped for fac- 
tories, trains, ships, and homes. 

Is there not enough coal in the earth? 

Yes; perhaps enough to last for five hundred years or more. 

Could it not be dug fast enough? 

The miners' officers said that it would be easy to dig all we could use. 

Why, then, was it so hard to get? 

Because we had not enough railroad engines and cars to haul it. 

What, should we do to help hasten transportation? 

Every one who has anything to do with loading or unloading a car 
should do it as quickly as possible so that it may go on to haul more. 

What else should we be careful to do? 

To use coal mined as near as possible, as this requires less time of 
the cars for hauling; and so, of other things we use, to get those pro- 
duced nearest home. 

RAILROAD CONTROL, ETC. 

What did the United States government do to help quick shipments, at the 
end of December, 1917? 
It took charge of all the railroads in the country. ■ 

How did this help? 

Cars could be sent by the shortest ways instead of being sent farther to 
keep them on one company's line; rules could more effectively be made 
for the shipment first of the things most needed; two trains were not 
run on parallel roads when one could do all the business just as well; 
great expenses of advertising to get business for certain roads could be 
saved, etc. 

Was it fair to the people who own the railroads to take them? 

Yes; the government agreed to pay the people who own the roads as 
much as they had been getting per year during the previous three 
years; also to return the property after the war in as good condition 
as received. 

Of what other public utilities did the U. S. government take control August 
1, 1918? 
Of all the telegraph and telephone lines of the country. 

What good came with all of the evils of war to us? 

We have been trained to work better, to think more seriously, to avoid 
waste and to save money. 
Had we been careless in these matters? 

We had probably been less saving and more wasteful than the people 
of any other country. 

Why? 

Because America is a new country and it has been easy to raise more 

than we needed. 

Is this still true? 

It is much less true than it formerly was. 

Why? 

Because all of our best lands have been taken and the population is 

still increasing. 

What has proved it? . . .. 

Even before tie war the cost of all living was increasing greatly. 

What is the only remedy for this trouble? 

To cultivate the land more carefully, work more, waste less of food, 
spend less for useless things. 

41 



AGENCIES HELPING THE GOVERNMENT 
What is the Red Cross Society? 

An organization formed to work through the world especially to bring 
relief and comforts to those suffering or in danger from war or other 
calamities. 

What has this organization done during the war? 

It has prepared clothing by sewing and knitting, made surgical dress- 
ings and provided many other supplies for our- soldiers and others 
affected by the war. 

Who, especially have done this work? 

Women and girls, with materials provided by donations and member- 
ship fees. 

Suppose such workers do not produce as much as ordinary wages; is this a 
waste ? 
No; it is still a gain to the country and a help in winning the war, if 
done in time that would otherwise not have been employed to produce 
something else still more valuable. 

What is the Council of National Defense? 

A government agency with branches in every state and community to 
do all it can to plan bringing the industries/ and resources of the 
country to work together for the national security and welfare. 

What is the Committee on Public Information? 

A governmental agency to choose and issue news daily, to provide 
Pour-Minute Men as speakers, pictures, motion picture service, educa- 
tional pamphlets (Red, White and Blue series,) and other forms of re- 
liable war information. Address this committee at Washington for 
literature. 

What is the National Security League? 

A private, non-political, non-partisan organization to promote patriotic 
education and universal military training and service. It has issued 
pamphlets and leaflets of war information. Address 19 W. Forty-fourth 
street, N. Y. 

What is the Boys' Working Reserve? 

An organization promoted by the U. S. government for boys from six- 
teen to twenty-one years of age designed to help them find places 
where their work is needed. 

How is this done? 

By registering all boys, with information as to the kind of work they 
can do. 

How are the records kept? 

By cards indexed so that the facts can be found quickly. 

How are these used? 

When work of certain kinds is needed, those in charge of the records 
are asked where to find the boys to do this work. 

What are the Young Mens' Christian Association and the Knights of Colum- 
bus? 
Originally religious and fraternal organizations of the Evangelical and 
Roman Catholic churches respectively, but both devoted to the war 
service of providing in camps somewhat homelike surroundings, whole- 
some amusements and good moral and religious influences for soldiers. 

What is the National Board for Historical Service? 

A committee of trained historians or students of history whose work 
is that of securing, preserving and using true historical accounts of 
the events of the present times. 

U. S. GOVERNMENT INVESTMENTS AND TAXES 
How did the government provide for raising the money to run the war? 

By increasing taxation and by selling bonds. 
What two kinds of taxation does the government use? 

Direct and indirect taxation. 



42 



What direct tax is levied by the U. S. government? 
An income tax. 

How is this arranged? 

For no tax to be paid by those who have only a little, a small tax by 
single men getting more than $1000 or a family having more than 
$2000 income a year and more from those who have more. 

How much is taken from those who have very large incomes? 

Nearly one-half from those who have $1,000,000 per year, more than 
one-half from those who have $2,000,000, about three-fifths from those 
who have $3,000,000, and so on. 

What indirect taxes are common? 

Increased letter postage, war taxes added to the cost of railway fares, 
theatre tickets, etc. 

How great was the annual income of the United States in 1918? 
More than two billion dollars, not counting loans. 

What are government bonds? 

Promises of the government to pay the holder, after a number of 

years, the money borrowed and to pay interest in the mean time. 
How much has the government borrowed already by selling bonds? 

About $17,000,000,000 in four loans, or issues; and other issues may be 

needed before our armies can be brought home. 
How did the people respond to the appeal for loans of the first three issues? 

They subscribed 36% more than was asked. The fourth was also over- 
subscribed. 
Why are these called "Liberty Bonds"? 

Because one purpose in this war was to keep us and other nations 

from losing our liberty. 
How would we have lost our liberty, if Germany had won? 

If Germany had won we should all have had to work for her. 
In what way? ... 

We should have had to pay great sums of money, as France once did, 

as a war indemnity to pay for Germany's expense in defeating us. 
How else would we have been slaves, if Germany had won decisively? 

We should have had to agree to trade regulations for Germany's benefit 

or keep up a great army as France has had to keep one. 
What is the smallest Liberty bond? 

One for fifty dollars. 
What interest do Liberty bonds draw? , 

First liberty loan bonds 3y 2 %, Second Liberty loan bonds 4% and third 

and fourth Liberty Loan Bonds 414%. 
Could any bonds be changed to others bearing a higher rate of interest? 

Yes, First and Second Liberty bonds could be changed to 4%% bonds 

retaining the same dates as the original bonds. 

How long did this offer hold? 

Until six months from the date of the original bonds. 

Are Liberty bonds subject to taxes? 

Liberty bonds are not subject to general taxes. First Liberty bonds are 
subject to inheritance tax only, while Second and Third Liberty bonds 
are subject to inheritance and federal income taxes only. 

Did our government make loans to our allies? 

Yes. To August 30, 1918 we loaned our allies about seven billions ot 
dollars, 3725 millions to Great Britain; 2065 millions to France; 760 
millions to Italy; 188 millions to Russia; 154 millions to Belgium; 12 
millions to Serbia; 15 millions to Cuba; 16 millions to Greece. 

How did the Government raise money before taxes were paid and before the 
bonds were paid for? . . 

By issuing U. S. Treasury Certificates of Indebtedness, which are m 
reality short time government notes. 

Who may buy U. S. Treasury Certificates? 
Any hank, corporation or individual. 

43 



How much money is there in circulation in the United States? 
On July 1, 1918, there was 5385 million dollars. 

What plan is offered for people who cannot spare fifty dollars? 

The purchasing of Thrift stamps and War Savings certificates, twenty- 
five cents worth or more at a time. 

Do pupils know how to do this? 

Yes ; for each has had a circular explaining it. 

What else were all asked to do with this circular? 
To take it home to parents. 

Why is this savings plan a double benefit? 

It helps the country and helps each person who buys to get the habit 
of saving. 

Do we give away money when we buy Liberty Bonds or War Certificates? 
No; this is an investment; they are worth the money paid and pay the 
holder interest. 

WAR GIFTS AND SERVICE 

In what ways do we really give away money to help win the war? 

We once sent Christmas presents to war orphans; we give for sav- 
ing starving children in Armenia, Belgium or elsewhere; we give to 
the Red Cross society; we give to the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion or the Knights of Columbus, to the Anti-Tuberculosis society, for 
presents to soldiers, etc. 

Which is better, saving or giving? 

We become rich in money by saving; but we become rich in soul by 

giving wisely to good causes. 
In what way do we help in the work against tuberculosis? 

Both by direct gifts or membership fees and by buying and using at 

the holiday season Christmas seals. 
Why is this work especially needed during and after war? 

Because unhealthful camp, trench and field conditions incident to war 

increase the danger of this disease. 
What was each good American called upon to do to help win this war? 

The particular thing he was able to do. 
Should we -learn and sing patriotic songs? 

Yes; but it helps still more to buy Christmas seals. 
Should we be careful to uncover when the flag passes? 

We certainly should; but it is more important to help the Y. M. C. A. 
Should we put a Red Cross emblem in the window? 

That is good; but the important part of the service is giving and work- 
ing for the Red Cross. 
Was it good to display service flags when relatives had gone to war? 

Yes; but it was and is more important to render service by producing 

food. 
Should we feel sorry for the starving people of the world? 

Yes; but the way to show it is by relieving them and being careful not 

to waste food. 
Is it a good thing to wear a flag on the breast? 

Yes, it is a reminder of our love of country; but it does still more good 

to invest our savings in War Savings certificates and Liberty bonds. 

Should we applaud patriotic speeches? 

Yes; but we prove our patriotism better by paying our taxes without 

grumbling. 
Is it good to place a flag in the window? 

Yes; but we serve the country more by saving coal. 
Should we put flags in school-rooms and on top of the house? . . 

Yes it is an excellent part of education to honor the flag thus; but it 

is more patriotic to do the school work well that we may be the better 

prepared to do the work of citizens. 
Should we read and study the history of this country and of the present war? 

Certainly; but it is much more important to put into practice what we 

learn and help make American history by all these kinds of service. 

44 



When doing all these things to help win the war what should we have always 
kept in mind? 
Of how much less a service we are rendering in giving our time, our 
work, our money, than that of the boys who were offering their lives 
on the field of battle. 

After the war, what? 

After the victory we have won, in times of peace there is still need of 
all our best training, thought and work to build up again and advance 
our beloved country. We must turn our thoughts to reconstruction. 

PROMINENT LEADERS 
In the course of this war, who have been the most influential leaders in the 
different countries? 
In the United States, President Wilson, General Pershing, Herbert 
Hoover, Charles Schwab, etc. 

In Great Britain, Lord Kitchener, Herbert Asquith, premier to Dec. 6, 
1916; David Lloyd George, premier since; General John French (Vis- 
count French of Ypres) ; General Douglas Haig. 

In France, General Joffre, the hero of the early period, General Petain 
General Foch, now generalissimo in command of all the forces of all the 
Allies, Premier Clemenceau. 
In Italy, General Cadorna and General Diaz. 
In Greece, Premier Venizelos. 

In Russia, Grand Duke Nicholas, Kerensky, Trotzky, Lenine. 
In Germany, Generals Hindenburg, Falkenhayn, Ludendorff, Mackensen, 
premiers, Bethmann-Hollweg, Hertling, Prince Maximilian, etc. 
In Austria, no characters have shown themselves very strong, because 
the position of Austria has been secondary. 
In Turkey, Enver Pasha and Talaat Bey. 

MILITARY RANKS AND ORGANIZATIONS. 
Beginning with the lowest rank, what are the titles of commissioned officers 
in the army? 
Second lieutenant, first lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, 
colonel, brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, general. 

What are corporals and sergeants? 

Non-commissioned officers in a company. 
Beginning with the smallest, what are the administrative units in the army, 
with the proper commander of each and its usual size? 
Company, captain, 75 to 250 men; batallion, major, two to four com- 
panies; regiment, colonel, 1591 to 3755 men; brigade, brigadier general, 
2 regiments; division, major general, 2 brigades; corps, lieutenant gen- 
eral, 2 to 6 divisions; army, a ranking general, 2 or more corps. 

FOREIGN MONEY 

Country Name of Unit "^J??? 

Great Britan pound sterling, £ ? 4 -°' 

France franc, fr •*» 

Italy___ lire -f 

Germany mark •£* 

Russia rouble -.|j 

Austria-Hungary crown 

MEASURE OF DISTANCE 
The common measure of distance all through Europe is the kilometer, 
approximately three-fifths of a mile. Therefore, when distance is Quoted 
in kilometers, divide by 5 and multiply by 3 to get an idea of the dis- 
tance in miles. 



45 



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(From "The Round Table" published by the Macmillan Co., a map 
used in the special war edition of "The School," Toronto, Ontario.) 

What does the map above show? 

The remarkable mixture of races in the Balkan peninsula. 

Do other parts of Europe show such mixtures? 
Yes; though more nationalities are crowded together here than else- 
where. 

If every race were made independent what would be the effect on the prev- 
ent states? 
It would change their boundaries greatly. 

Could each nationality always be made into a state? 

Not conveniently, for "islands" of one nationality are often entirely 
surrounded by others, and different races are more or less mixed in the 
same territory. 

Where are these relations of races, languages and governments well treated? 
In Benezet's, "Story of the Map. of Europe" Scott, Foresman & Company 



46 



I.Teutonic 



2. Latin 



( German 
Dutch 
Flemish 
Scandinavian 











Italian.- 


X X X X X X X 
XX X X X X X 




+++++++ 
+ + + + + + 



3. Slavonic- 



a. Northern Slavs < 



b. Southern Slavs I Croats & Serbs —Ml 

Bui gars~ : - 




Russians 
Poles 
Ruthenes 
Czechs & Slovaks. 
Slovenes 



4. Letts & Lithuanians 



{Turks. 
Magyars 

6. Greeks- _ 






7. Albanians 



L 



National Boundaries 



Racial Boundaries. 



(From "The Round Table," published by the Macmillan Co., this plate 
being used also in "The School" of Toronto.) 
What is the purpose of the plate above? 

To explain the map on the opposite page. 
What would be the effect on different states, if each nationality were made 
independent? 

It will be a good exercise to trace some of these changes on the map. 



NOTES: — 1. This pamphlet was published on the basis of no profit, as 
war service, the small excess above costs being donated to war pur- 
poses. 

2. Of the war editions, 86,000 were printed and circulated. It will be 
continued as a historical supplementary reader, at the same price. 
Next year it may be enlarged to sixty-four pages, to include important 
additions at a little higher price. Revisions will be made from time 
to time. 

3. Users of the pamphlet should note the progress of events and Add 
or change items accordingly. 



47 



PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES 



(Interpret respelling according to usual sounds in English). 



Adige, ah'-dee-jay 
Aisne, ain 
Ancre, onk'-r 
Drave, drahv 
Eure, err 
Isonzo, ee'-zone-zo 
Loire, lwar 
Lys, lease 
Marne, marne 
Meuse, muz 



NAMES OF RIVERS 



Oise, wahz 

Piave, pee-ah'-vay 

Saone, sone 

Seine, sane 

Somme, some 

Tagliamento, taal-yah-men'-toe 

Ticino, tee-chee'-no 

Vesle, vale 

Yser, ee'-zr 



NAMES OF TOWNS 



Albert, aal-baer' 

Amiens, ah-myong 

Armentieres, are-mong-tee-air / 

Arras, are-rah' 

Aubigny, o-bean-yee' 

Bail leu I, bah-yule' 

Bapaume, bah-pome' 

Beau va is, bo-vay' 

Belfort, bel-fore' 

Bethune, bay-toon' 

Bixschoote, biks-shote' 

Briey, bree-aye' 

Bruges, brew'-jiz 

Bucharest, boo-kah-rest' 

Bulgaria, bool-gay' ri-ah 

Calais, kal-aye' 

Cambrai, kong-breh' 

Charleroi, shar-lu-rwa' 

Chalons, sha-long' 

Chateau-Thierry, shah-toe' tyeh-ree' 

Chaulnes, shone 

Chauny, sho-nee' 

Chemin des Dames, shay-mang 7 day 

daam' 
Compiegne, comb-pyen' yu 
Conde, kone-day' 
Coucy, koo-see' 
Court, as ending, koor 
Craonne, kray-own' 
Dinant, dee-nong 7 
Dixmude, dee-mood' 
Dunkerque, dun-kerk' 
Epernay, aye-purr-nay' 
Fismes, feem 
Fresnes, frain 
Ghent, gent (hard g) 
Guise, gweez 
Hazebrouk, ahz-brook' 
Kiaochow, kyow' cho 
LaBassee, la-baas-say' 
La Fere, la-fair 7 



Lens, long 

Lille, leel 

Liege, lee-ayzh' 

Longwy, long-vee' 

Loos, loce 

Louvain, loo-veng' 

Luneville, loo-nay-veel' 

Maubeuge, moe-buzh' 

Malines, mah-leen' 

Messines, mess-seen' 

Mirecourt, mere-kour' 

Montdidier, mong-dee-dee-aye' 

Mont, as ending, mong 

Montenegro, Mone' tay-nay' grow' 

Namur, nah-moor' 

Nancy, nong-see' 

Neufchateau, noo-shah-toe' 

Nieuport, new'-port 

Noyon, nwa-yong 

Ostende, ose-tend' 

Paris, pah-ree' 

Peronne, pay-roan' 

Petrograd, pyeh-tro-graath' 

Prremysl, pshem' ishl-y 

Reims, reemz or rongz 

Roulers, roo-lay' 

Saint Mihiel, sang-mee-yel' 

Saint Amer, sang-o-maer' 

Saint Quentin, sang kong-teng'' 

Sedan, su-dong 7 

Serajevo, say-rah-yay' vo 

Soissons, swa-sang' 

Tirelemont, tere-lu-m5ng' 

Trieste, tree-es' tay 

Ukraine, you' krane 

Valenciennes, vah-long-se-enn*' 

Verdun, ver-dung' 

Verviers, ver-vee-aye' 

Ypres, ee'-pr 

Zeebrugge, zay-brug' 



48 



to retire 15 to 20 miles from the east side of the Rhine from Holland to 
Switzerland; to do no harm or destruction as they evacuated; to leave 
behind all military stores, roads, bridges, industrial establishments, 
utilities, etc., unharmed; to give up 5,000 locomotives, 10,000 motor 
trucks, 50,000 wagons, etc.; to pay all expenses of Allied and American 
troops occupying the Rhineland; to return all prisoners, without receiv- 
ing theirs; to give up the treaties with Russia and Roumania; to make 
reparation for damages done and return gold and valuables seized; to 
give up their submarines; to surrender the ships of the navy; to point 
out mine fields for destruction; to give free access to the Baltic sea 
and give over the fortifications at the entrance; to turn over their naval 
aircraft; to leave the Black sea ports; to give up all ships captured from 
the Allies or the U. S., etc. 

Was that all? 

No, it was not all. These were simply preliminary conditions, intended 
to make it absolutely impossible for Germany to begin war again, put- 
ting her entirely under control; but what more she may have to agree 
to was left to the peace conference of the nations. 

What improvement in the management of telegraphs was made Dec. 1? 
The two great companies, the Western Union and the Postal, were put 
into operation as a single system. 

What of Atlantic cables and wireless equipment? 

These were taken under control by the government to insure free 
passage of government messages. 

What five men went to Europe to represent this country at the peace 
conference? 
President Woodrow Wilson, Colonel Edward M. House, Secretary of 
State Robert Lansing, General Tasker H. Bliss and Henry White, for- 
mer ambassador to France. 

Has it been usual for a president to leave the country during his term of 
office? 
No; it has been very unusual. President Roosevelt once went to Pan- 
ama; President Taft once crossed into Mexico for a few minutes. 

Why did President Wilson go to Europe? 

Because he felt it his duty, in view of the fact that both the Central 
Empires and the Allied nations had accepted the principles stated by 
him Jan. 8, 1918, as a basis of peace, to attend the conference to assist 
in interpreting those principles and securing their application to the 
establishment of a just and lasting peace. 

What number of airplanes had the United States at the close? 

We had 750 American built airplanes in service; 120 bombers, 300- 
scouting planes and 330 pursuit machines. 

What was the record of American airmen? 

They had destroyed nearly 1000 enemy planes and lost 265. 

If the war had lasted longer would we have furnished more planes? 

Yes; we were just beginning to produce them rapidly in large numbers. 

What happened at Brussels near the first of December, 1918? 

The heroic King Albert of Belgium returned to his throne and the 
Belgian government began again. 

Who else returned at the same time? 

Brand Whitlock, the United States minister who had written the story 
of Belgium in the war so well. 

What was the condition of Russia at this time? 

The country was suffering from the results of poor government and 
idleness, with thousands being killed and millions in great danger of 
starvation. 

For iristance, what had happened to Petrograd? 

It was reported that its population had shrunk from 2,000,000 to 500,000 
and the life of no person who had any property was safe. 



What did Lloyd George say of the Kaiser's criminal responsibility, Nov. 
29, 1918? 
That he was guilty. He said, "Is no one to be made responsible for 
a war that has taken the lives of millions of the best men of Europe? 
If not, all I can say is that there is one justice for the poor, wretched 
criminal and another for kings and emperors." 

Wha/t did he then say as to payments to be demanded of Germany? 

That she should pay the cost of the war up to the limit of her capacity, 
which, however, was a question to consider; but that she would not be 
allowed to pay for her wanton damage and devastation by dumping 
cheap goods on England and wrecking her industries. 

How were young men encouraged to enter or remain in college in the 
fall of 1918? 
By the formation of the Students' Army and Naval Training Corps, in 
which they were to be taught and trained at the expense of the govern- 
ment. About 160,000 were enrolled in more than 600 institutions. 

What was done with these two corps after the armistice with Austria and 
Germany? 
They were demobilized in December, 1918. 

How did we know that war preparation might cease then? 

Because the terms of the armistices were practically complete surrender 
of all means of fighting further. 

What were the chief terms of the armistice Nov. 4 with Austria-Hungary? 
Cessation of hostilities; total demobilization and withdrawal of all 
Austro-Hungarian forces assisting Germany; surrender of half of all ar- 
tillery and military equipment; withdrawal from all invaded territory, 
leaving equipment and without destruction; surrender of ports and 
fortresses; withdrawal from territory claimed by Italy; requiring all 
German troops to evacuate Austria in 15 days or be interned; granting 
to the Allies the right to use railroads and pass through to attack 
Germany; surrender of Allied prisoners, without return of their own; 
surrender of the best ships of the navy and of submarines; granting to 
Allies of right to navigate the Danube; etc., etc. 

What were the German armies doing at this time? 

They were retreating rapidly in Belgium and northern France and ask- 
ing for terms of an armistice. 

What historic place did American troops take near the end? 

Sedan, the place of the decisive victory of the Germans over the French 
in 1870. 

What political request had President Wilson made a little earlier? 

That Democratic majorities be returned to both houses of Congress in 
the November elections. 

What reason did he give? 

That defeat of his party might be understood by Europe as disapproval 
of his war policies. 

Was this request heeded? 

No; Republican majorities were returned. 

Did this really show disapproval of the President's war policies? 

No; it only showed that the majority of American voters thought these 
should not have been connected with party politics at all. 

Did it encourage Germany to continue resistance? 

No; the German envoys agreed to all the terms of the armistice de- 
manded by Marshall Foch and his Allied counsellors and ceased fighting 
Nov. 11. 

How was the news of this act received in America? 

With great rejoicing and celebrations, as marking the end of German 
resistance and so of the war. Bells rang, whistles blew, people all 
over the country rose, though the news came in the night, marched in 
processions, etc. 

What were the general terms of the armistice with Germany? 

Germany had to agree to leave all territory she had invaded in 14 days; 
to send home all inhabitants of such territory who had been removed; 
to give up 5,000 great guns; 30,000 machine guns, 2,000 airplanes, etc.; 



How great was General Allenby's success in Palestine shortly before the 
close? 
He defeated two Turkish armies, whose German commander-in-chief 
saved himself only by flight and soon took Damascus and Aleppo. 
How far from Bagdad had British troops advanced in the summer of 1918? 
Seven hundred miles, to Baku on the Caspian, from which they expelled 
the Turks. 
What admission did Foreign Secretary Kuehilemann make in the Reichstag 
about the end of June? 
That the end of the war "could hardly be expected through military 
decisions alone"; that is, Germany could not force a decision. 
What' happened to him? 

He resigned. 
Who first repulsed a German force just at the turn in July 1918? 

Americans, especially marines, at Chateau Thierry. 
Of what did Chancellor Hertling accuse the United States soon after? 

Of being responsible for prolonging the war, saying the "wildest war 
fury was raging in America." Apparently, he hadn't expected it. 
What became of ex-Czar Nicholas? 

He was executed about July 15 by the Bolsheviki; and his wife, son 
and daughters have also been reported dead. 
Did any other monarchs lose their thrones? 

Yes, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, Kaiser Karl of Austria, all the other 
kings of Germany, princes, dukes, etc.; and even the king of Montenegro 
was "voted out." 
What, in fact, has happened to kings? 

They have gone "out of fashion" except among barbarous or savage 
peoples and in a few countries in which they do not attempt to con- 
trol the government. 
Where did ex-Kaiser Wilhelm go? 

To the Netherlands, where both he and the crown prince were interned 
in separate places. 
What did the former Kaiserin say when she came to Holland to join her 
husband? 
"Who would ever have thought it would come to so inglorious an end?" 
What else did Wilhelm give up besides the imperial throne? 

The throne of Prussia also. 
What place in history will probably be given to William of Hohenzollern? 

That of the last king who possessed great personal power. 
What number of war casualties had been reported up to Dec. 1, 1918? 

16,257,345. The German dead numbered 1,580,000; Austro-Hungarian, 
800,000; British, 1,000,000; French, 1,300,000; American, 53,160; total, 
4,737,160. Other German casualties numbered 4,750,000; Austro-Hun- 
garian 3,200,000; British, 2,391,267; French, 1,000,000; American, 182,- 
918; total, 11,524,185. 
What does this estimate not include? 

Russian, Turkish, Roumanian, Servian, Montenegrin casualties; nor 
millions of Armenian, Serbian, Russian, Belgian, Polish and other 
fatalities from starvation and other causes. 
Will the catalogue be finished with these? 

No, many other deaths after this date must be counted. 
Did need for unusual saving and food production end with the war? 

No, peace did not create a single ton of food in the winter of 1918. 
Did the expense end? 

No; the return of our army and reconstruction needs still required much. 
What calamity about the time of the close of the war killed many more 
Americans than the war itself? 
An epidemic of influenza and pneumonia beginning in October, from 
which in Illinois alone 22,566 deaths were reported before Dec. 1. 
Whom did the world hold chiefly responsible for all these deaths and the 
great losses of the war? 
The autocratic leaders of Austria and Germany; above all, Kaiser Wil- 
helm as the responsible head. 



Supplementary and Recent Information 

What was the total subscription to the Fourth Liberty loan? 

$6,989,047,000, an over-subscription of about one-sixth, every one of the 

twelve districts in the whole country "going over the top" by from 

11% to 26%. 
What was the total for the four loans? 

$17,852,000,000. 
What was the total of the public debt of the United States, June 30, 1918? 

$12,396,000,000. 
What had been the chief expenses during the year? 

$5,645,000,000 for the army; $1,368,000,000 for the navy; $1,516,000,000 

for the civil government; $862,000,000 for the shipping board, and 

$181,000,000 for pensions. 
What were some of the great appropriations authorized by Congress in 
the summer of 1918? 

$2,000,000,000 for ammunition, $500,000,000 for cannon, etc. 
How great were the British war costs? 

Up to the end of August, 1918, they were about $37,000,000,000. 
How much had the U. S. actually paid on loans to other nations Sept. 3, 1918? 

$6,337,764,750. 
How many additional men were registered in the second American draft? 

About 13,000,000. 
What forces did the British Empire raise during the war? 

About 6,250,000 men in the United Kingdom and 2,500,000 more from 

other parts of the empire. 
How greatly was the British navy increased? 

From 2,500,000 tons in the beginning to 8,000,000 tons in the summer 

of 1918. 
How many German submarines were destroyed or captured? 

More than 150, probably 200. 
After the armistice what did we learn concerning the submarines? 

In 1917, 83 were built and 66 destroyed. In April, Germany had 126 
and in October 146. In February 1918, she had 136 and in June 113. 

Only 12% were active in 1917. 
Was the submarine service a popular one? 

During the last few months of the war it was very difficult to get men. 

Crews were poorly trained and did not trust their boats. 
How did the German navy compare with the British? 

Not only was it less than half as large but it was quite inferior in ma- 
terial. 
Who gave us these facts? 

Captain Persius, counted the chief naval expert of Germany. 
Were some of the ships sunk recovered? 

Up to September, 1918, 407 of those sunk in shallow parts of the sea 

had been raised and repaired. 
What did the British air service do in the year ending June 30, 1918? 

It destroyed 2148 enemy planes besides 1080 brought down behind the 

enemy lines and 600 shot down by the navy. 
What was the Llandovery Castle? 

A plainly marked Canadian hospital ship sunk with the loss of 234 

of 258 persons on board. 
What territory did Italy gain just before the armistice with Austria? 

On Nov. 3, the day before, Trent and Trieste were taken with 100,000 

prisoners, 2200 cannon, etc. Very large numbers of prisoners had been 

taken in this last campaign. 
What new name for a capital appeared about this time? 

The Czecho-Slovaks renamed Pressburg Wilsonstadt in honor of Pres- 
ident Wilson and made it their capital. 



